ghasem purhasan; Mojtaba Etemadinia
Volume 4, Issue 8 , March 2015, , Pages 19-36
Abstract
Quine’s article in 1951 entitled ‘Tow Dogmas of Empiricism’, based on an unexpected critique of analytic-synthetic distinction, rules against using ‘analyticity’ to explain the necessity and the a priori. Quine refused any attempt to display any distinction between ...
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Quine’s article in 1951 entitled ‘Tow Dogmas of Empiricism’, based on an unexpected critique of analytic-synthetic distinction, rules against using ‘analyticity’ to explain the necessity and the a priori. Quine refused any attempt to display any distinction between analytic and synthetic statements without a vicious circle among them. According to his viewpoint, concepts as ‘synonymy’, ‘contradiction’ and ‘meaning’ which were used in the definition of the analytic statements, aren’t clear enough and there is a vicious circle between them. Quine argues that a holistic attitude toward any ‘individual statement’ entails that all propositions can be in touch, in some way, with the empirical boundary of our belief web. It implies the possibility of revision all statements and consequently the destruction of familiar distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. In this article we first review Quinen’s viewpoint on the rejection of analytic-synthetic distinction and then will examine the main challenges of his critique
Hamed Bikaraan-Behesht; amir ehsan karbasizade
Volume 8, Issue 16 , March 2019, , Pages 19-41
Abstract
The problem of old evidence allegedly poses the most serious challenge to the Bayesian confirmation theory. All proposed solutions to this problem can be divided into two types: classical (treating the challenge as serious and trying to meet it) and non-classical (with denying that there is a real problem ...
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The problem of old evidence allegedly poses the most serious challenge to the Bayesian confirmation theory. All proposed solutions to this problem can be divided into two types: classical (treating the challenge as serious and trying to meet it) and non-classical (with denying that there is a real problem and trying to dissolve it in one way or another). Classical solutions have been proposed by Garber, Jeffery, and Niiniluoto, and have been criticized by many, among them, Eells and Earman. One of the non-classical solutions is to choose an objective (rather than Bayesian’s subjective) interpretation of probability; this view has been proposed by Rosenkrantz. In this paper, we thoroughly examine the classical solutions and objections that have been raised against them, trying to show that the classical approach is deficient. In the end, we try to make a case for Rosenkrantz’s proposal as the only solution which, we believe, gets to the root of the problem correctly
Majid Bidarmaghz; Morteza Sedaghat Ahangari Hossein Zadeh
Volume 4, Issue 7 , October 2014, , Pages 21-51
Abstract
The view that one's observations are depended on his/her epistemological network and are flexible due to trainings and expectations, is a long-lasting view which has a special place in the philosophy of science. The opposite view says that there is an impenetrable layer in observation which is resistant ...
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The view that one's observations are depended on his/her epistemological network and are flexible due to trainings and expectations, is a long-lasting view which has a special place in the philosophy of science. The opposite view says that there is an impenetrable layer in observation which is resistant to influence of any educational and epistemological structure. In this paper, we first present these views according to Churchland and Fodor, the main figures in the camps respectively. Second, more importantly, we will defend a more moderate view which is based on a graded account of observation. The latter view accepts rigidity in the level of sensation while acknowledges that observation is flexible in higher levels. According to this view there is no need to appeal to flexibility of sensations to explain why there are discrepancies in observational reports and judgments.
Amin Rabinia
Volume 5, Issue 10 , March 2016, , Pages 21-37
Abstract
The problem of the rationality of science needs a framework to outline what rationality is and how it can be placed in scientific adventure. In this paper, I will try to show how we can provide such a (meta-level) framework using the notion of means-ends rationality. For doing so, we have to see science ...
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The problem of the rationality of science needs a framework to outline what rationality is and how it can be placed in scientific adventure. In this paper, I will try to show how we can provide such a (meta-level) framework using the notion of means-ends rationality. For doing so, we have to see science as a process in which there are given aims, and the rationality of achieving such aims could be justified in the light of the notion of means-ends rationality. This notion also is divided into two forms: instrumental rationality and holistic rationality. Here it will become clear that choosing a holistic notion of rationality is essential for having a sustainable account of scientific rationality. In the meantime, to propose a concrete example of the implementation of this framework, I do reconstruct Laudan’s models of scientific rationality using the conceptual frameworks of instrumental and holistic rationality. This will illustrate how his models grow through these two notions of rationality, and also how much the conceptual framework of means-ends rationality is capable to explain it.
Seyyed Mehdi Biabanaki
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2012, , Pages 23-45
Abstract
There are four distinct analytical approaches to Hume's philosophy of causation: naturalist, epistemological, semantic, and ontologic. The naturalist approach, deals with the study and process review of the origin or source of things that have occupied our minds. This approach is concerned with questions ...
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There are four distinct analytical approaches to Hume's philosophy of causation: naturalist, epistemological, semantic, and ontologic. The naturalist approach, deals with the study and process review of the origin or source of things that have occupied our minds. This approach is concerned with questions such as: "What is the mental mechanism by which we infer effects from causes?" and “What is the origin of essential relationship concept”? The epistemological approach deals with topics that could be determined with certainty and that how could we justify causal claims and claims about the future. Semantic approach deals with the question that what is the purpose of statements such as “A causes B”? The ontological approach is concerned with essence of nature and of causality in world independent of our beliefs. The main concern of Hume, is primarily naturalist and then epistemological, while commentators disagree on the causal theory of Hume regarding semantics of cause and ontology of causation. Accordingly, Hume followed the structure and function of human mind to provide analysis based on human nature, and justify "causation". The elements he makes use of include: association, habit and belief where all of them are the features of human mind and are related to the human nature. This paper introduces and reviews the naturalist approach to the issue of causation.
Morteza Sedaghat Ahangari Hossein Zadeh
Volume 3, Issue 5 , September 2013, , Pages 23-33
Abstract
Kroon believes that causal relation alone does not determine the referent of a name because causation involves a kind of under-determination to escape of which, Kroon embed a cognitive dimension, which he calls epistemic warrant, in reference-determination. Davidson brings similar words in his triangulation ...
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Kroon believes that causal relation alone does not determine the referent of a name because causation involves a kind of under-determination to escape of which, Kroon embed a cognitive dimension, which he calls epistemic warrant, in reference-determination. Davidson brings similar words in his triangulation thesis in order to determine the content of a perceptual belief. He argues that, in addition to causal relation, one takes benefit of linguistic communications with others in order to determine the content of his perceptual belief which is the cause of that belief. In this paper, having brought the theses of Kroon and Davidson respectively, I enumerate a number of similarities between Kroon’s epistemic warrant and Davidson’s linguistic communications.
Abolfazl Sabramiz; Roohollah Haghshenas; Mehdi Zakeri
Volume 7, Issue 13 , September 2017, , Pages 23-44
Abstract
Imitation game is one of the most famous thought experiments in the history of artificial intelligence. In this experiment, Allen Turing introduced a criterion and argued that if a thing can satisfy this criterion, we can call it ‘intelligent’. One objection to this intelligence criterion ...
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Imitation game is one of the most famous thought experiments in the history of artificial intelligence. In this experiment, Allen Turing introduced a criterion and argued that if a thing can satisfy this criterion, we can call it ‘intelligent’. One objection to this intelligence criterion is known as ‘Lovelace’s objection’ or free will objection. This objection expresses that machines never act beyond their programmers’ anticipation, so they can never be intelligent. This paper investigates Lovelace’s objection and Turing’s responses. As we try to show, Turing responses seem right in this stage. But we think this objection can be rewritten the objection in relation to Chomsky’s ‘Descartes Problem’ about the creative aspect of language use. The relationship between this objection and Descartes problem has not been addressed in the literature of artificial intelligence. In the end of paper, we will show that there is no theoretical solution to this revised objection yet. So, without a good answer to this problem, we cannot have intelligent machines just through technological developments.
maryam ansari bonab; Ali Reza Mansouri
Abstract
Mathematical entities, in physics, are used to represent the ontology of theories. But there is a distinction between mathematical entities and physical entities which mathematics refers to, and ignoring this distinction leads to strange and false conclusions. This paper aims to realize, in a realistic ...
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Mathematical entities, in physics, are used to represent the ontology of theories. But there is a distinction between mathematical entities and physical entities which mathematics refers to, and ignoring this distinction leads to strange and false conclusions. This paper aims to realize, in a realistic interpretation, what the wavefunction, as a mathematical entity, refers to.. It is emphasized that the confusion of the wave function as a mathematical element with the physical state leads to a strange conclusion that the dimensions of the physical space are in direct correspondence with the mathematical dimensions, or the configuration space is a real physical space. Moreover,It is suggested, that determination of the ontological status of the wave function needs a theory to connect and explain the relation between local beables and quantum state.
Hassan Amiriara
Abstract
Morganti and Tahko advocate a kind of metaphysics that they call "moderate naturalized metaphysics." This moderate naturalism concerning metaphysics differs crucially with, on the one hand, Ladyman & Ross's radical project of naturalizing metaphysics and, on the other hand, proposals aiming to defend ...
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Morganti and Tahko advocate a kind of metaphysics that they call "moderate naturalized metaphysics." This moderate naturalism concerning metaphysics differs crucially with, on the one hand, Ladyman & Ross's radical project of naturalizing metaphysics and, on the other hand, proposals aiming to defend the autonomy of metaphysics, such as those of Larry Paul and Jonathan Lowe. Morganti and Tahko hold that metaphysics overlaps with natural sciences in terms of subject matter and has a sufficient degree of independence from it in terms of method. In this article, I will outline this naturalistic project, mainly in contrast with the meta-metaphysical views of Ladyman & Ross, Lowe, and Paul. Then I attempt to examine and criticize it, arguing that their project faces two main challenges. First, it cannot suitably address the overlap between metaphysics and science regarding the subject matter. Second, it cannot provide a criterion for limiting and constraining the metaphysical activity based on naturalism.
Javad Akbari Takhtameshlou; Said Zibakalam
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 25-64
Abstract
In recent decades, rationality has become one of the important and controversial issues in the intellectual circles. There are many philosophers who have put (and still put) under question the status of reason and human rationality. Among those who believe in human reason is Popper. To show reason's ...
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In recent decades, rationality has become one of the important and controversial issues in the intellectual circles. There are many philosophers who have put (and still put) under question the status of reason and human rationality. Among those who believe in human reason is Popper. To show reason's ability, he rejects positivism and justifying approaches totally; and, designing falsificationist philosophy of science, he confirms critical rationality and attaches emphasis to it. In the present article, at first, Popper's rationality together with its important and constructive elements are inferred and reconstructed and, then, success and consistence of Popper's positions are studied and assessed. The main conclusion of the present article is that it is impossible to completely reject positivist and justifying approaches and provide an absolutely negativist and critical epistemology.
Khashayar Boroomand; Gholam Hossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 2, Issue 4 , March 2013, , Pages 25-36
Abstract
Thinking about the relation between mathematical thinking and modern science is necessary for understanding the modern world. Martin Heidegger analyzes this subject from a unique perspective. In this essay, the concept of "mathematical" and its relation to mathematics and modern science is explained. ...
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Thinking about the relation between mathematical thinking and modern science is necessary for understanding the modern world. Martin Heidegger analyzes this subject from a unique perspective. In this essay, the concept of "mathematical" and its relation to mathematics and modern science is explained. The dangers of ascendancy of mathematical thinking are discussed; and finally, the differences between Heidegger’s views on mathematics and the prevalent philosophy of mathematics are considered.
elahe soroush; Alireza Monajemi
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, , Pages 27-58
Abstract
In today’s world, technology plays an important and crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Medical Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems are only subsets of the technologies which try to provide automated decision aids for physicians and clinicians. Their goal is to diagnose the illness ...
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In today’s world, technology plays an important and crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Medical Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems are only subsets of the technologies which try to provide automated decision aids for physicians and clinicians. Their goal is to diagnose the illness and make treatment recommendations. MYClN and INTERNIST-I are among the earliest developed expert systems. However, despite the fact that several of these medical systems have achieved high levels of performance, hardly any has progressed from the research laboratory into practical use. But because of overpromising and failing to deliver them, in artificial intelligence researches face toreduced funding and interest. One of the major reason of these failures is inadequate attention and studies about epistemological considerations. In this paper we are looking for some epistemological obstacles which prevent AI from being successful in medicine. To do so we first briefly introduce cognition errors in medicine which motivate using AI in this field, then review several implemented medical AI systems and finally we discuss epistemological reasons which leads to failure of AI in medicine. These reasons are incorrect hypotheses about nature of knowledge, separating knowledge from decision strategies, inadequate consideration to tacit knowledge and separating knowledge from its context.
Mostafa Taqavi
Volume 8, Issue 15 , September 2018, , Pages 27-48
Abstract
In this paper, giving some examples of modern sciences, I will show that some theories have been influenced by naturalistic presuppositions and one can then explain the empirical data these theories seek to explain through a religious approach. Resorting to these examples, the advocates of religious ...
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In this paper, giving some examples of modern sciences, I will show that some theories have been influenced by naturalistic presuppositions and one can then explain the empirical data these theories seek to explain through a religious approach. Resorting to these examples, the advocates of religious science want to show that just as presuppositions of science may be affected by naturalism so they may be influenced by religion, and therefore religious science is possible. In the final part of this paper, answering following questions regarding religious science, it is attempted to clarify some complexities of the debate: Does the idea of religious science endorse relativism indirectly? Religious science is justified by appealing to experience, or religion, or both? If appealing to religion is involved in the justification of religious science, does religious actions not involve in scientific activity? Does the possibility of religious science mean the lack of a distinctive border between science and religion? Evolution is a characteristic feature of scientific theories, and religious science is not an exception. Does the evolution of religious science not undermine religion? Does the argument for the possibility of religious science imply the possibility of religious science, in addition to the logical possibility of religious science? What perspective the proponents of religious science should define for their ideal?
said zibakalam
Rahman sharifzadeh; Golamhossein MoghadamHeidari
Volume 5, Issue 9 , September 2015, , Pages 29-51
Abstract
Bruno Latour, redefining human and their artifacts and defending their multi-threaded nature, considering their intermediaries (not only as devices), defends their status as citizens. Doing this he frees us from the duality of the autonomous technology and therefore from the domination atmosphere ...
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Bruno Latour, redefining human and their artifacts and defending their multi-threaded nature, considering their intermediaries (not only as devices), defends their status as citizens. Doing this he frees us from the duality of the autonomous technology and therefore from the domination atmosphere (domination of human over non-human and domination of non-human over man).
Seyed Mohammad Reza Amiri Tehrani; Mahdi Mahdian
Abstract
AbstractThis article is about Milton Friedman's methodology in Economics. Friedman's main article "The Methodology of Positive Economics" published in 1953 is a mixture of philosophical ideas. By analyzing this article and critics of his methodology among economics philosophers ...
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AbstractThis article is about Milton Friedman's methodology in Economics. Friedman's main article "The Methodology of Positive Economics" published in 1953 is a mixture of philosophical ideas. By analyzing this article and critics of his methodology among economics philosophers as well, we recognize six specification for his methodology. The first is Friedman' theory which is a complex intermixture of two elements; language and substantive hypothesis. The second is Friedman' experiment, which is in fact an indirect testing of a theoretical prediction by experimental evidences. So the validity of a theory depends on its power or prediction, not the truth of its assumptions. The third is Friedman's unrealisticness that allows substantial hypotheses to capture useful aspects of reality not the whole. The forth is the Marshallian approach of Friedman in Economics versus the Walrasian, which lets him to build the economic model problem specific. The fifth is Friedman's statistical approach. He believes that the only way that economists can come up with a consensus is to use statistics and probabilities. The sixth is Friedman's causality. He believes that the concepts of cause and effect are ambiguous, instead, we should use endogenous and exogenous concepts in economic models.
kamran paknejad rasekhi; iraj dadashi; morteza babak moein; amir maziar
Abstract
The systemic perspective does not only apply to living organisms, but also a wide range of cultural systems such as language and social behavior in human communities. A vast volume of interdisciplinary researches was carried out in the field of social sciences and cultural studies with the purpose of ...
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The systemic perspective does not only apply to living organisms, but also a wide range of cultural systems such as language and social behavior in human communities. A vast volume of interdisciplinary researches was carried out in the field of social sciences and cultural studies with the purpose of using the behavioral patterns of the living systems in order to study the development patterns of the cultural elements. These studies indicated that the complex systems share similar patterns and behaviors at the macro-level. With regard to these researches, the present qualitative study with systemic perspective, analyzes the similarities and differences between the reproduction patterns at a biological level and the reproduction and publication of meaning/information elements at the cultural level. Afterward, the results were generalized to the sign system - concentrating the artistic signs and symbols- in both semantic and morphological dimensions. The present study revealed that the properties of two reproduction strategies in nature, i.e. r-selection and k-selection, could be generalized, at the macro-level, to the reproduction of artistic signs and symbols at a cultural level, despite the obvious differences in the details. Taking into account these similarities in reproduction patterns, with an interdisciplinary perspective and different from other popular analyses, could lead to a different understanding of the reasons for some developments in the amount of reproduction and development of sign systems in various communities.
Javad Akbari Takhtameshlou; Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Nasab
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 20th century, philosophers of science—both realist and anti-realist—have shown a special tendency toward the concept of ‘structure’, mainly to address certain problems in the process of understanding science (particularly some serious problems arising ...
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Since the beginning of the 20th century, philosophers of science—both realist and anti-realist—have shown a special tendency toward the concept of ‘structure’, mainly to address certain problems in the process of understanding science (particularly some serious problems arising from successive and deep changes in scientific theories over time). In this regard, different forms of ‘structuralism’ have been developed thus far around the belief that science is only capable of revealing the structure of the world (and not the ontological characteristics of its objects). However, all structuralisms have been subjected to a very serious criticism known as ‘Newman's objection’, which states that if structure is supposed to be the most we know about the world, then the only thing we will actually know about the world is cardinality, i.e., the number of related objects.Given the importance of structuralism in the philosophy of science as well as the seriousness of Newman's objection, the goal of this paper is to introduce both realist and anti-realist scientific structuralism and examine and evaluate how successfully they respond to this criticism. The findings of this examination suggest that both of these structuralisms are incapable or at least substantially problematic in answering Newman's objection, mostly due to their structuralist nature and underlying ideas.
Seyyed Ali Hosseini
Abstract
Galileo, at least in a part of his works, claimed the dispense with experience recourse in natural studies; Likewise, Avicenna when discussed about God’s knowledge of individuals, exemplifies his knowledge to astornomer’s knowledge of predictable phenomenon of lunar eclipse, whose knowledge ...
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Galileo, at least in a part of his works, claimed the dispense with experience recourse in natural studies; Likewise, Avicenna when discussed about God’s knowledge of individuals, exemplifies his knowledge to astornomer’s knowledge of predictable phenomenon of lunar eclipse, whose knowledge wouldn’t be effected by experimental data and it’s not mere a passive one. We’ll try to see if there’s any connection between their same claims of attaining scientifical knowledge without recourse to experiment, and their probable common presuppositions or methods. Finally we concluded that they partly shared in methodological background, though we can’t prove their completely sameness in the method. In the case we mentioned, Avicenna studied the mathematical structure of celestial bodies and neglected their nature. by this step, he abandoned Aristotle's paradigm and move toward Galileo's scientific method, but we can't ascribe the same method to them, because Avicenna had a dualistic method in his physical studies, but Galileo had a unified method
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , September 2011, , Pages 37-59
Abstract
Although Popper admits that in arriving at some of his proposals, he has been guided by value judgments and predilections, according to his own statements, it does not mean that he has made the same mistake of which he has accused the positivists through discussing the role of value-judgments in popper’s ...
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Although Popper admits that in arriving at some of his proposals, he has been guided by value judgments and predilections, according to his own statements, it does not mean that he has made the same mistake of which he has accused the positivists through discussing the role of value-judgments in popper’s philosophy of science, It is argued here that value judgment’s influence on popper’s scientific methodology is further than his own admission. It seems to me, there are two important points in Popperian methodology, which are open to influx of values: the conventionalizing process of methodological rules; and the decision making process of basic statements. Upon the analyses of these two processes, following conclusions are drawn out that ‘scientists qua scientist make value-judgment’, and ‘Popper as a philosopher of science, makes value-judgment’.
Mohsen Donyavi; GholamHossein Moghaddam Heydari
Volume 6, Issue 11 , September 2016, , Pages 37-52
Abstract
Since the publication of Scientific Image, van Fraassen has criticized scientific realism and, instead, introduced constructive empiricism as an appropriate alternative. Adhering to the tenet of empiricism that ‘experience is our only source of information about the world’, he considered ...
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Since the publication of Scientific Image, van Fraassen has criticized scientific realism and, instead, introduced constructive empiricism as an appropriate alternative. Adhering to the tenet of empiricism that ‘experience is our only source of information about the world’, he considered acquiring any knowledge of the unobservable level of the world as impossible. According to van Fraassen, the realistic belief in the (approximate) truth of scientific theories has no epistemic basis; and, in this case, he only allowed belief in the empirical adequacy of these theories. The present assay explains and examines the key elements of constructive empiricism and contrasts it with scientific realism. We will indicate that van Fraassen’s argumentation in rejecting realism and defending his position is not able to provide the necessary and sufficient justifications for the replacement of scientific realism with constructive empiricism
Mohammad Reaz Abdollahnejad
Volume 3, Issue 5 , September 2013, , Pages 35-56
Abstract
The main activities of Philosophy of science, as a branch of philosophy, has been began since the last decade of 19th century, in the wake of some experimental scientists' attempts to establish new non-metaphysical foundations for inductive empirical sciences. The very notable point is that the nature ...
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The main activities of Philosophy of science, as a branch of philosophy, has been began since the last decade of 19th century, in the wake of some experimental scientists' attempts to establish new non-metaphysical foundations for inductive empirical sciences. The very notable point is that the nature of philosophy of science has not formed and developed in one, but in five stages. In this paper I will illustrate the five-stage formation and development of philosophy of science in 20th century in order to draw some the results from it. These five stages are: 1. Sprouting stage (1890-1918): the characteristic of this stage is the reconstruction of Newtonian physics by means of Mach’s instrumentalism, Poincare’s conventionalism and Duhem’s modified falsificationism. 2. Evolvement stage (1918-1935): in this stage, three pillars of logical positivism (reductionism, analytic-synthetic distinction, and verificationism) set the stage for logical reconstruction of science. 3. The classical stage (1935-1970): in which the logical reconstruction of science is accomplished by Popper’s and some logical positivist’s revisions of the pillars. 4. The Historicism stage (1960-1985): in this stage, some philosophers, especially Feyerabend and Kuhn based on the history of science, criticize and challenge the main principles of the previous stages. 5. The modelistic stage (1970-2000): in which through increasing the pragmatic and semantic tendencies in science, ‘theory’ is replaced by ‘model’.
Roozbeh Zare
Volume 2, Issue 4 , March 2013, , Pages 37-50
Abstract
Realism and Anti-Realism debate is one of the philosophical problems that remain prominent during the history of human's thought. The discussion of this issue reaches to new and varied forms under the light of contemporary branches of philosophy especially second order philosophies. In philosophy of ...
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Realism and Anti-Realism debate is one of the philosophical problems that remain prominent during the history of human's thought. The discussion of this issue reaches to new and varied forms under the light of contemporary branches of philosophy especially second order philosophies. In philosophy of science, this debate is discussed in a narrow especial sense that entails some various discussions. In this article, Kosso's innovative thesis of "Realistic Realism" is described and criticized.
Habibolah Razmi; Ahmad Bigdeli; Asghar Dirbaz
Volume 3, Issue 6 , February 2014, , Pages 37-46
Abstract
From centuries ago, Muslim scholars and philosophers, by inspiration from luminous verses of holy Quran and with strong rational reasons, have proved that science and awareness flow in all levels of existence, particularly in material things. The experimental scientists also have pointed to the ...
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From centuries ago, Muslim scholars and philosophers, by inspiration from luminous verses of holy Quran and with strong rational reasons, have proved that science and awareness flow in all levels of existence, particularly in material things. The experimental scientists also have pointed to the possibility of presence of a kind of consciousness and awareness in matters and apparently non-living things. Science extension in the whole existing world, even in material particles, brings physics to the discussion too. In quantum theory, there are some phenomena (e.g. delayed choice experiment) which show that particles are aware of their surroundings and thus choose the suitable behavior correspond to their environment; also, in some alternative models of the standard quantum theory (Bohm-de Broglie model), there are some concepts such as ‘pilot wave’ or ‘information field’, which may be considered as the reasons of the particles’ sensitivity (consciousness).
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi
Volume 4, Issue 8 , March 2015, , Pages 37-57
Abstract
This paper, aims to formulate a philosophy of nanotechnology, addresses definitions, historical contexts, applications, and implications of nanotechnology, and its relation to philosophy as well. I explain some philosophical aspects of nanotechnology (as a branch of technology), which are discussed through ...
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This paper, aims to formulate a philosophy of nanotechnology, addresses definitions, historical contexts, applications, and implications of nanotechnology, and its relation to philosophy as well. I explain some philosophical aspects of nanotechnology (as a branch of technology), which are discussed through metaphysical (ontological), epistemological (and methodological), and axiological (theory of value) attitudes. It is concluded that the philosophy of nanotechnology consists of some philosophical inputs (or foundations) and some outputs (or implications), which covers the general philosophy of technology, and since the close relations between nanotechnology and modern science it also consists of some aspects of general philosophy of science, and philosophy of special science, philosophy of physics, in particular.
