Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari; faeze eskandary
Abstract
Motion is one of the main features of natural philosophy, which together with the formation of Newtonian-Galilean physics, is the most important subject of kinematics and dynamics in the new physics. One of the scientists who played an important role in shaping Galileo's views was Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) ...
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Motion is one of the main features of natural philosophy, which together with the formation of Newtonian-Galilean physics, is the most important subject of kinematics and dynamics in the new physics. One of the scientists who played an important role in shaping Galileo's views was Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) (1098-1138). He was a natural philosopher of the 12th century AD. Ibn Bajjah' s mechanics is built upon two general Aristotelian axioms that emphasize natural motion and Algebraic (Qasri) motion. In this article, the bases of movement by Ibn Bajjah are studied based on the motive factors in the movement of the natural body, ie, "form" and "weight". This review is based on the important theory of "matter and form" and the essential principle of "nature does not work in vain " and was done for the first time
reza mosmer
Volume 8, Issue 16 , March 2019, , Pages 85-106
Abstract
Paul Horwich has criticized Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s (KW) rule-following argument. In this paper, I shall explore one of Horwich’s multiple objections to KW and argue that it is not effective. In section 2 I will discuss KW’s meaning skepticism. Of various candidates that KW explores ...
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Paul Horwich has criticized Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s (KW) rule-following argument. In this paper, I shall explore one of Horwich’s multiple objections to KW and argue that it is not effective. In section 2 I will discuss KW’s meaning skepticism. Of various candidates that KW explores for the facts that meaning-ascription sentences are meant to correspond, I will explain exclusively dispositional facts. In section 3 Horwich’s explanation of KW’s “rational guidance argument” against dispositionalism about meaning-ascription sentences. This will be followed by a discussion of Horwich’s objection to the argument in section 4. By introducing the idea of “self-correction disposition,” as it will be explained, Horwich tries to save the dispositionalism. In the final section of the paper I shall try to show that Horwich’s appeal to the disposition to self-correct faces the problem of “rational guidance argument” again
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 7, Issue 13 , September 2017, , Pages 87-104
Abstract
Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, ...
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Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, thus observation is influenced by epistemological, semantic, psychological or sociological factors. However observation is not only of interest to analytic philosophers, but it also has been addressed by continental philosophers. One of these philosophers is Michel Foucault, who in his book the birth of the clinic, describes how human body turns into the object of observation in medicine. He points out that in addition to the factors influencing observation as expressed by analytic philosophers, it should be noted that observation basically is a political act. We use Foucault's views in this regard. Although Foucault referred to this issue in his various works, it can be said that observation is the central theme of the birth of the clinic. The purpose of this article is to reveal this political aspect of observation. We discuss what is exactly mean for observation to be a political act, and why the philosophers of science should consider the political aspect of observations in their studies
Morteza Sharifi
Abstract
Two concepts that are being considered in Philosophy of Chemistry are Reduction and Emergence. These concepts have a major rule in arguing that special sciences, have kind of independence from physics. After sketching a conceptual framework about the issue, we have had a critical review about Alex Manafu's ...
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Two concepts that are being considered in Philosophy of Chemistry are Reduction and Emergence. These concepts have a major rule in arguing that special sciences, have kind of independence from physics. After sketching a conceptual framework about the issue, we have had a critical review about Alex Manafu's argument about the rule of chemistry in debate about Reduction and Emergence in Philosophy of Science.He argue that chemistry has some special advantages in study of Reduction and Emergence in Philosophy of Science. we have showed that his argument cannot give us a firm ground for attaching these advantages to Chemistry. We then propose a distinction between Ontological complexity and Epistemological complexity and then show how Manafu's arguments are faulty due to ignoring this distinction
Fatemeh Farhanian; Mohammad Ali Abdollahi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2012, , Pages 93-114
Abstract
The dilemma of induction is one of the most difficult philosophical problems that if solved many philosophical problems could be explained and many conclusions could scientifically be justifiable. Bertrand Russell, one of the greatest analyzer philosophers of the twentieth century, has tried to solve ...
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The dilemma of induction is one of the most difficult philosophical problems that if solved many philosophical problems could be explained and many conclusions could scientifically be justifiable. Bertrand Russell, one of the greatest analyzer philosophers of the twentieth century, has tried to solve the problem of induction.
From the Russell’s point of view the dilemma of induction is a question of how to justify the general provisions, causal laws, and indirect knowledge. He appealed that the principle of uniformity of nature is not enough to solve this problem, and then he suggested the reception of induction as a principle. Based on the principle of induction, the more the number of concurrences of A and B the greater is the possibility of perpetual coincidence between them and when the number of concurrences is enough constant conjunction of A with B is almost certain.
According to Russell, the principle of induction is neither rationally provable nor empirically verifiable, but the principle should be accepted because of its natural evidence and finally because of its consequences. According to Russell the metalogical principles cause the probability of generalization lean toward certainty. Finally he notes although induction can’t provide us with theoretical certainty (logical and mathematical) but its near certainty probability is more than that of a metaphysical dogma.
Hadi Samadi
Abstract
By adding detailed scientific data together, more general images can be drawn. These more general images are themselves fallible models that can, of course, better represent a picture of the future than blind conjectures. In the present article, a series of empirical findings are put together to defend ...
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By adding detailed scientific data together, more general images can be drawn. These more general images are themselves fallible models that can, of course, better represent a picture of the future than blind conjectures. In the present article, a series of empirical findings are put together to defend the claim that "the Covid-19 pandemic, by speed up the changes that are taking place in the human microbiome (= the collection of all microbes that take part in symbiosis with human), has intense effects on human physical and mental health, emotions and cognition, and social relationships." This is the main argument of the article in defending this claim. The composition of the microbiome affects physical and mental health, emotions and cognition, and human social relationships, and therefore a change in the microbiome leads to a change in these aspects. The microbiome has changed over the course of human evolution, and this trend has accelerated in the last two centuries. The Covid-19 pandemic could bring about more changes in the human microbiome. In support of the premise, some have been selected and presented from the mass of data.
Masood Motaharinasab; Mohammad bidhendi; Alireza Aghahosseini
Volume 6, Issue 11 , September 2016, , Pages 99-122
Abstract
Rereading scientific discourse and methodology of Islamic civilization in the past period, especially during the renaissance, in connection with Islamic civilization recognition, has a strategic importance. In general, because of exposure to Greek thought and books translated from other civilizations, ...
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Rereading scientific discourse and methodology of Islamic civilization in the past period, especially during the renaissance, in connection with Islamic civilization recognition, has a strategic importance. In general, because of exposure to Greek thought and books translated from other civilizations, the Islamic renaissance intellectually has a collective structure. Accordingly, in this study, comparing methodologies of Razi and Farabi, the two exemplars of Islamic renaissance, we have tried to recognize the coordinates of scientific discourse renaissance of Islamic civilization (third and fourth centuries). The findings indicate that Razi has a realist epistemology and a positivist methodology similar to the twenty century positivism’s methodology. Farabi, on the other hand, has an idealistic epistemology and a combined methodology with an emphasis on transcendental rationality and rationality alongside experience. Finally, based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that a pluralistic methodology has been dominant on scientific discourse of Islamic-Iranian civilization.
rashid ghanei; Seyed Hassan Hosseini
Volume 5, Issue 9 , September 2015, , Pages 101-112
Abstract
Modern science, soul faculties, traditional knowledge, Islamic world, science, the power of imagination, the power of reason
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Modern science, soul faculties, traditional knowledge, Islamic world, science, the power of imagination, the power of reason
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , September 2011, , Pages 105-122
Abstract
Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles ...
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Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy. The following essay describes the principles and methods of Descartes.
Mehdi Golshani; Mortaza Khatiri Yanehsari
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, , Pages 105-132
Abstract
The vision of most scientist and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century was empiricism. They gave more importance to observable experiences and phenomena, and the only valid criterion for them was observability of quantities. Although this view contributed to some advances in the twentieth ...
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The vision of most scientist and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century was empiricism. They gave more importance to observable experiences and phenomena, and the only valid criterion for them was observability of quantities. Although this view contributed to some advances in the twentieth century, but its drawbacks and misunderstandings caused some proponents of this school to criticize it and to become against it. In this paper, the views of some of the most prominent contemporary physicists, who themselves became one of the followers of this school, is reviewed. We have also mentioned some of the great physicists who pointed out the most important criticisms agaist this school. Furthermore, we have explained the reasons for changing the view of physicists in line with positivism, based on logical criteria and philosophical reasoning. In the end, we look at the views of some of the contemporary physicists who have opposed positivism or have gone through positivism to deny the existence of God.
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a philosophical analysis of the problem of the wave function collapse by conscious observer, based on the theories of philosophy of mind. According to the approaches to the mind-body relation, the conceptual problems of this issue are examined both in the context of ...
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The aim of this paper is to provide a philosophical analysis of the problem of the wave function collapse by conscious observer, based on the theories of philosophy of mind. According to the approaches to the mind-body relation, the conceptual problems of this issue are examined both in the context of Cartesian Dualism, as well as emergent and epiphenomenal mental properties. It is concluded that by taking the physical and hardware approach to mind, raised the same conceptual difficulties of apparatuses in Quantum Mechanics, as well as mental and nonphysical approaches have the problem of explaining the mechanism of the interaction between the mind or mental properties and the observed physical system belongs to the external world. Also, by putting forward a thought experiment as well as by further discussions on the similarities between the "wave function collapse" and processes of "making decision" by a conscious observer, their conceptual consequences for quantum mechanics are examined. Finally, it is shown that each aspect of the problem has its own conceptual difficulties, and this issue will remain open under the mind-matter problem.
sajjsd sarboluki
Abstract
Darwin's theory of evolution and Marx's theory of social evolution both had their roots in Western modernity.The main burden of promoting Darwin's thought in Iran during the Pahlavi I era was on the shoulders of Marxists. The approach of Marxists to Darwin's theory of evolution in this period, in addition ...
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Darwin's theory of evolution and Marx's theory of social evolution both had their roots in Western modernity.The main burden of promoting Darwin's thought in Iran during the Pahlavi I era was on the shoulders of Marxists. The approach of Marxists to Darwin's theory of evolution in this period, in addition to the similarities with the Qajar era Iranian thinkers with the theory of evolution, but presented a more accurate biological narrative than Darwin's theory of evolution, for this reason, Marxist Darwinian narratives dominated the intellectual society of Iran for several decades. became. By examining the evolutionary opinions of prominent Iranian Marxist thinkers, while finding out how and why a scientific theory of biology came to the attention of Marxist parties, we will observe the rise and fall of the influence of Marxist evolutionary ideas on the Iranian scientific community.
Alireza Sobhani; Mehdi Golshani
Volume 4, Issue 7 , October 2014, , Pages 109-137
Abstract
Cosmology started as a common ground for philosophy, religion, and science. In the Islamic culture, cosmology was either based on creation ex nihilo (the view of theologians) or on old universe (the view of philosophers), and the problem of multiverse was not mentioned so much. After the introduction ...
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Cosmology started as a common ground for philosophy, religion, and science. In the Islamic culture, cosmology was either based on creation ex nihilo (the view of theologians) or on old universe (the view of philosophers), and the problem of multiverse was not mentioned so much. After the introduction of the so-called ‘anthropic principle’ in the early 1970’s, the idea of multiverse entered the realm of cosmology. There were two views among earlier Muslim thinkers concerning the creation of the universe. Muslim theologians believed in the temporal creation of the universe, but Muslim philosophers predominantly believed that our universe is temporally old. As far the uniqueness or multiplicity of universe of the created universe is concerned, there were different views about this among Muslim scientists, philosophers and theologians. Here we mention several views concerning the multiplicity of the universe among some well-known Muslim scholars.
Mahdi Ghiasvand
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 117-142
Abstract
Hempel's Dilemma is among several arguments posed against physicalism. Physicalists can respond to this dilemma in several ways. The present article aims to analyze Andrew Melnyk and Janice Dowell's responses based on their specific accounts about the conception of the term "physical". Melnyk's account ...
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Hempel's Dilemma is among several arguments posed against physicalism. Physicalists can respond to this dilemma in several ways. The present article aims to analyze Andrew Melnyk and Janice Dowell's responses based on their specific accounts about the conception of the term "physical". Melnyk's account is based upon a scientific realist's approach to natural sciences. We will focus on and discuss about that weather we can adopt such an approach to the present science and in particular the present physics or not. Dowell, however, defends an account according to witch ideal future physics should be replaced by an ideal science that has hallmarks of a scientific theory and differs in its subject matter. The author wants to show that these accounts, each one in respect to particular aspects, cannot play the given role in formulation of the physicalism thesis.
seyedmostafa shahraeini; mojtaba jalili
Abstract
At first, it seems that in Cartesian science which seeks to master the world based on its rationalistic and ontological foundations, there is no room for hypothesis of any kind; because whatever appears before the modern reason, is so clear that needs not to any assumption. This view is both correct ...
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At first, it seems that in Cartesian science which seeks to master the world based on its rationalistic and ontological foundations, there is no room for hypothesis of any kind; because whatever appears before the modern reason, is so clear that needs not to any assumption. This view is both correct and incorrect. The Cartesian tree of knowledge has three parts within first two parts of which, i. e. metaphysics as its root and physics as its trunk, only reason is absolute sovereign, while its third part, i. e. the triad branches including medicine, mechanics, and morals cannot be established without hypotheses. The main role of hypothesis is making this tree to be fruitful in its three branches. Experience as the phase of fruit-gathering from this tree is impossible without hypothesis, and this is the very turning-point of which Descartes speaks as his practical philosophy which “makes us the lords and masters of the world”. Hypothesis, as the linkage between reason and experience, is of so irreplaceable role without which Cartesian scientist cannot be successful in bridging the gap between reason, from one hand, and sensation and imagination, from the other.
Reza Mahoozi
Volume 4, Issue 8 , March 2015, , Pages 93-106
Abstract
Campbell, as a structuralist and phenomenalist philosopher, explains the ontological structure of things based on properties. Many physicists have endorsed his theory because he introduces properties as particular and tropic entities, of which outer world is built. In this paper, first, I introduce tropes ...
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Campbell, as a structuralist and phenomenalist philosopher, explains the ontological structure of things based on properties. Many physicists have endorsed his theory because he introduces properties as particular and tropic entities, of which outer world is built. In this paper, first, I introduce tropes and trope theory then I will notice some similarities and differences between this theory and physician’s opinions about subatomic and fields. We will conclude that we cannot introduce subatomic and fields as properties to explain the structure of external world.
Mahmoud Mokhtari; Mehdi Golshani; Samad Khakshournia
Volume 2, Issue 4 , March 2013, , Pages 97-116
Abstract
The acceleration of the universe has been confirmed through various cosmological observations since 1998. Nevertheless, there are many models proposed to explain this acceleration and there is no broad agreement on the fact. A concordance model titled “ΛCMD” suggests that the energy ...
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The acceleration of the universe has been confirmed through various cosmological observations since 1998. Nevertheless, there are many models proposed to explain this acceleration and there is no broad agreement on the fact. A concordance model titled “ΛCMD” suggests that the energy of the vacuum space, with a negative pressure, is the origin of the universe acceleration. However the nature of this energy is unknown, and so it is called “Dark Energy”, and we have only a phenomenological equation of state (EOS) for it. The cosmologist Lawrence M. Krauss’ thesis, based on a specific value of EOS parameter, predicts a static universe of our local supercluster surrounded by a void, in the future. According to Krauss, the late time intelligentswill not have any access to the pillars of the modern cosmology, and so the “End of Cosmology” will be expected. This paper surveys Krauss’ thesis and examinesits assumptions and consequences. An unavoidable uncertainty in the prediction of the fate of accelerating universe is vindicated.
Farzane Ghadamyari; Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari
Volume 5, Issue 10 , March 2016, , Pages 97-111
Abstract
Analysis of the concept of inertia as the first law of motion in classical physics, on which the explanation of movement is based, and Aristotelian and classical physics as two intellectual mainstreams, which have been dominant for hundreds of years, is the main concern of this article. In this paper ...
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Analysis of the concept of inertia as the first law of motion in classical physics, on which the explanation of movement is based, and Aristotelian and classical physics as two intellectual mainstreams, which have been dominant for hundreds of years, is the main concern of this article. In this paper possibility of the concept of inertia in Aristotelian physics will be questioned and analyzed. It should be noted that the possibility of assigning the components of the two physics to each other or matching them has always been the concern of scholars. The findings of this paper indicate that Aristotle through discussing concepts of natural motion and forced motion implicitly mentioned the concept of inertia.
lotfolah nabavi; Nima Ahmadi; Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Volume 3, Issue 5 , September 2013, , Pages 99-118
Abstract
Bayesians believe that they have solved a significant problem in philosophy of science, which is the identification of the logic which governs evidences. The problem has special importance to philosophy of science, because what eventually distinguishes science from myth is that we have good evidence ...
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Bayesians believe that they have solved a significant problem in philosophy of science, which is the identification of the logic which governs evidences. The problem has special importance to philosophy of science, because what eventually distinguishes science from myth is that we have good evidence for the content of science. The core ideas of all versions of Bayesian confirmation theory are that the beliefs are confirmed to a probability measure, and incorporating new evidence is done through conditionalization using Bayes’ rule. Bayesians believe that qualitative approaches to confirmation theory are hopeless; an adequate account of the way evidences support hypotheses and theories must be quantitative, and a quantitative account implicates utilizing the probability calculus. The aim of this paper is to investigate the challenges to confirmation theory by means of the standard Bayesian approach.
Alireza Monajemi; Hamidreza Ayatollahy; Mehdi Moinzadeh
Volume 3, Issue 6 , February 2014, , Pages 99-118
Abstract
Medicalization is a term for the process by which medical definitions and practices are applied to behaviors, psychological phenomena, and somatic experiences which previously were not within the conceptual or therapeutic scope of medicine. There have been two distinct main approaches to medicalization. ...
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Medicalization is a term for the process by which medical definitions and practices are applied to behaviors, psychological phenomena, and somatic experiences which previously were not within the conceptual or therapeutic scope of medicine. There have been two distinct main approaches to medicalization. The first was a Marxist critique of medicine as authoritarian and imperialistic, while the second was a critique of the expanding role of medicine in the social control of deviant behavior. This article contends that none of these approached could explain medicalization comprehensively. The main thesis of this paper is that medicalization as a technology could be an alternative. In this paper, this thesis will be examined in the light of Heidegger’s, Bergmann’s and Feinberg’s philosophy of technology.
Ghazaleh Azizi; Hadi Samadi
Abstract
In recent decades, the life sciences have come into the world of narratives and literature with two approaches: the evolutionary and the cognitive ones. The present article, with some references to the second approach, is mainly concerned with the first one. Theories developed in evolutionary paradigm ...
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In recent decades, the life sciences have come into the world of narratives and literature with two approaches: the evolutionary and the cognitive ones. The present article, with some references to the second approach, is mainly concerned with the first one. Theories developed in evolutionary paradigm mainly consider human tendency to literature as an adaptation in the process of human evolution at different individual, group, and cultural levels. These theories are criticized in the present article. Theory of extended mind holds the relationship between mind, body and the world around us very intense. Another claim is that extended mind theory has a particular capacity for explaining literature. As a final claim, the paper deals with Evo-Devo biology and uses its explanatory abilities to explain the role of literature in human life and evolution.
sajad malmir; alireza mansouri
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2017, , Pages 103-123
Abstract
Quantum non-locality phenomenon indicates that there are superluminal causal relations among entangled quantum particles. One way to explain this phenomenon is Tachyonian model. In this approach, superluminal particles (Tachyons) are the causal relational mediators of space-like points. It seems that ...
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Quantum non-locality phenomenon indicates that there are superluminal causal relations among entangled quantum particles. One way to explain this phenomenon is Tachyonian model. In this approach, superluminal particles (Tachyons) are the causal relational mediators of space-like points. It seems that Tachyons are compatible with the space-time structure of special relativity; there are good evidences for this, but the problem is that just some of Tachyonian models are able to explain the quantum non-locality. Because of its ad hoc-ness and having strange metaphysical implications, a Tachyonian model doesn’t offer a good explanation for the quantum non-locality. However, this model has provided, as its good feature, a research program for Physicists.
aziz najafpoor; Fatemeh Gitipasand
Volume 7, Issue 13 , September 2017, , Pages 105-114
Abstract
In line with his cultural concerns and protecting various social traditions, Feyerabend denounces the rationality of modern science, emphasizes the principle of ‘anything goes’ and prioritizes individual freedom over the truth. Denying the absolute truth, Feyerabend tries to make room for ...
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In line with his cultural concerns and protecting various social traditions, Feyerabend denounces the rationality of modern science, emphasizes the principle of ‘anything goes’ and prioritizes individual freedom over the truth. Denying the absolute truth, Feyerabend tries to make room for cultural pluralism and to remove science from the state of being the only reference for determining the authenticity of phenomena. In this paper, it is tried to show that Feyerabend in fact, after criticizing scientific rationality, raises a new rationality which its aim is freedom and has its own method and tradition. Besides some conflicts and ambiguities in his approach, he does not provide a reason for the preference of his rationality over other existing rationalities. We conclude that Feyerabend not only is not an epistemological anarchist, but has its own particular rationality.
saeid masoumi
Volume 8, Issue 16 , March 2019, , Pages 107-130
Abstract
The concept of general covariance is one of the most important concepts in general theory of relativity, which there are a lot of confusing in the understanding of its correct meaning. In this paper I explain and try to elucidate this concept and I will discuss Anderson- Friedman’s absolute object, ...
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The concept of general covariance is one of the most important concepts in general theory of relativity, which there are a lot of confusing in the understanding of its correct meaning. In this paper I explain and try to elucidate this concept and I will discuss Anderson- Friedman’s absolute object, regarded as what distinguishes between general relativity and other space – time theories. I also consider Earman’s two definitions of general covariance; formal general covariance and substantive general covariance which by introducing these two definition he gives the distinguishing characteristic of general relativity which is its realization of substantive general covariance. Eventually I compare those two viewpoints and discern their distinction
Mehdi Moinzadeh
Volume 8, Issue 15 , September 2018, , Pages 109-126
Abstract
Richard Foley is among the well-known theorists in epistemology and rationality. His theory of epistemology is known as ‘Subjective Foundationalism’. Studying his works, one finds out that the adoption of such a position in epistemology was due to the development of a rationality theory compatible ...
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Richard Foley is among the well-known theorists in epistemology and rationality. His theory of epistemology is known as ‘Subjective Foundationalism’. Studying his works, one finds out that the adoption of such a position in epistemology was due to the development of a rationality theory compatible with it. ‘Foundationalism’ is the distinctive feature of Foley’s epistemology which distinguishes it from views like coherentism. ‘Subjectivism’ is in opposition to ‘objectivist’ views like reliabilism. On the basis of this epistemological position, Foley puts forward an elaborate theory of rationality that being epistemic and, more importantly, being goal-oriented are among its main characteristics. He also replaces ‘reasonable belief’ with ‘rational belief’ in the theory of rationality. Involving concepts like ‘perspective’, ‘uncontroversial argument’, ‘deep reflection’, and ‘deepest epistemic standards’, Foley's theory of reasonableness associates a kind of subjectivism and relativism, but actually it is neither subjectivist nor relativist. This paper while investigates and reconstructs Foley's theory of rationality, attempts to disclose the rationality of the theory itself pursuing its implications. To do so, each of the elements of Foley's theory of rationality is referred to its existential foundation. The claim of the article on the rationale behind Foley's theory of reasonableness is that this rationality is not based on the validity of logical criteria but on the human existential states and elements
