Homa Yazdani; Ali Paya; Lotfollah Nabavi
Abstract
In this study, we shall assess the claim concerning the negative effect of sin and positive effect of grace on proper function of reason and cognitive faculties through the lens of the Calvinist tradition and the Reformed Epistemology. Although the noetic effect of sin has already been discussed probably ...
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In this study, we shall assess the claim concerning the negative effect of sin and positive effect of grace on proper function of reason and cognitive faculties through the lens of the Calvinist tradition and the Reformed Epistemology. Although the noetic effect of sin has already been discussed probably by tracing the role of the non-epistemic factors in acquiring knowledge in general, approaching the issue by focusing on ‘scientific knowledge’ is novel and, to the best of my knowledge, has not been attempted before. This study will be developed by means of an evaluation of Stephen Moroney’s project. Through a critical survey of the views of a number of prominent Christian theologian, he tries to develop a model for the cognitive influence of sin. In our review of his work from the canons of Critical Rationalism, we shall try to show that Moroney's conclusions are inconsistent with his explanation of the effect of sin on the natural sciences. Our main arguments are as follows: what Moroney describes as scientific knowledge from a Christian point of view is more a technological awareness rather than scientific knowledge proper. Furthermore, it is the scientist who is affected by sin and not his scientific claim.
Mahmoud Mozhdeh khoshknoodahani; Reza Naderlo; Reza Azizinezhad
Abstract
Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is a theory that suggests that the conceptual framework for evolutionary synthesis needs to be reviewed to provide an extending of the new findings in evolutionary biology and to increase the explanatory power for existing findings. This review is about extending in the ...
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Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is a theory that suggests that the conceptual framework for evolutionary synthesis needs to be reviewed to provide an extending of the new findings in evolutionary biology and to increase the explanatory power for existing findings. This review is about extending in the conceptual frameworks of evolutionary synthesis, and Gene-based evolutionary framework should be extended to the developmental framework. But the evolutionary proponents of the 1930s and 40s do not consider this theory to be any review, and they refuse to ask for any extension in its conceptual framework. Both current and extended compilation theories use metaphors to express themselves, such as the metaphors the music of life and selfish genes, which represent two broad conceptual frameworks and represent the current integration. On the other hand, the embodied reading of metaphor relates the use of metaphors in scientific theories to the domain of the scientist's thought and the conceptual framework governing his mind. On this basis, one can argue in favor of extending in evolutionary synthesis
Nima Narimani
Abstract
Methodological Naturalism is one of the basic assumptions of Natural Sciences. many believe that this assumption has no logical relation with ontological naturalism that denies the existence of any supernatural entity-including God. in this paper, first, the relation between methodological naturalism ...
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Methodological Naturalism is one of the basic assumptions of Natural Sciences. many believe that this assumption has no logical relation with ontological naturalism that denies the existence of any supernatural entity-including God. in this paper, first, the relation between methodological naturalism and ontological naturalism has been elucidated and for that, the role that methodological naturalism plays with Ockham's Razor for supporting ontological naturalism has been explained. then, after analyzing methodological naturalism, would be clear that not only this assumption has anti-theological direction, but, in respect of scientific and philosophical scrutiny, it is under question, too, and should not accept a priori. this presumption would imply the impossibility of arguing for Divine action and in the next step can raising the atheism. thus, because of science pursues the truth, it must not foreclose the possibility of assessing the other theories about the world that are not only using materialistic conceptions of the world.
majid reza moghanipour
Abstract
"Causality" is one of the concepts that has a long history in philosophy and human cognition. from the very beginning of human life, man wanted to discover the reason and cause of phenomena; this concept has gone through many ups and downs in the history of philosophical thought. The answers given to ...
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"Causality" is one of the concepts that has a long history in philosophy and human cognition. from the very beginning of human life, man wanted to discover the reason and cause of phenomena; this concept has gone through many ups and downs in the history of philosophical thought. The answers given to the cause of phenomena have been entirely influenced by the type of human consciousness and cognition in different historical and geographical areas; the knowledge and cognitions that thinkers such as Ernest Cassirer believed were not consistently logical. They were not always had a rational patterns, and irrational patterns were involved in shaping human cognitive forms; It is referred to as the "mythical knowledge."The purpose of writing this article is to introduce the types of causal relationships in this most irrational form of human cognition, based on which, based on the basics, rules and other sources of information in this awareness, to review, describe and analyze The types of causal relationships are discussed in this cognitive form.
Mahmood Vahidnia; Seyed Mohammadhassan Ayatollahzadeh Shirazi
Abstract
This paper provides a critical and comparative study of two versions of scientific structuralism. After a brief introduction, in section 2, we review the key concepts in the long-lasting debate between realism and antirealism in the general philosophy of science; scientific realism is a positive and ...
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This paper provides a critical and comparative study of two versions of scientific structuralism. After a brief introduction, in section 2, we review the key concepts in the long-lasting debate between realism and antirealism in the general philosophy of science; scientific realism is a positive and optimistic epistemic attitude towards scientific theories (and especially the non-observational aspects thereof). Two influential arguments around the above debate are introduced and briefly examined in section 3; the main disagreement between the realist and the antirealist will turn on whether or not the novel predictive success of scientific theories is in need of any explanation (especially through truth). In section 4, focusing on a classic paper by John Worrall, we will see that structural realism has been introduced as a middle and more balanced position in the realism-antirealism dispute: (theoretical) scientific knowledge only concerns the structure of the (unobservable) world. Although Worrall himself was not explicit in this regard, we try to provide a preliminary understanding of his notion of structure. The more elaborate and detailed formulation of Worrall’s structural realism based on Ramseyfication is presented and briefly examined in section 5. Possibly the most well-known threat to structural realism is an objection originally attributed to Max Newman: structuralism trivializes the theoretical (or non-observational) implications of scientific theories. In section 6, we provide an extensive treatment of Newman’s objection, before arguing that structural realism can successfully circumvent it. Bas van Fraassen, who seems to consider Newman’s objection somewhat detrimental to Worrall’s project, advocates an antirealist view called empiricist structuralism. The latter mainly originates from the fact that the vehicles of scientific representation are mathematical models and structures. The motivations for this view along with its differences from scientific realism are reviewed in section 7. In the penultimate section 8, we will note that empiricist structuralism too is not totally immune from trivialization objections of the kind raised by Newman and also Putnam. It is, among other things, these kinds of threats that lead van Fraassen to a nonstructural aspect of scientific representation: perspectivity/indexicality. In our final argument, we intend to show that recognizing such an aspect, though revealing in itself, is NOT sufficient for repelling trivialization threats, unless van Fraassen is willing to sacrifice his long-standing commitment to the literal construal of the language of science. We will end with a brief conclusion.
sadegh hojjati; Ali Reza Mansouri; mahdi Mohaghegh
Abstract
The theory of quaternary elements along with the natural system is one of the cornerstones of Greek philosophy, especially from Aristotle. With the translation and transmission of Greek sciences, this theory came to the Islamic world and formed the theoretical basis for most of the Islamic sciences. ...
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The theory of quaternary elements along with the natural system is one of the cornerstones of Greek philosophy, especially from Aristotle. With the translation and transmission of Greek sciences, this theory came to the Islamic world and formed the theoretical basis for most of the Islamic sciences. Of these, Islamic science has been widely used in the field of Islamic sciences. In this paper, we try to show the effect of this theory in two parts: scientific and technological. The part that can be considered as the development of Aristotelian naturalism based on the natural system, and the part that is in the field of technology and technology, and the natural system has an inspirational role for it.
ناصر افضلی فر; ali haghi
Abstract
AbstractThe question of what is the aim of science has been one of the most thought-provoking topics in the field of philosophy of science. Watkins, a follower of Karl Popper and a proponent of scientific rationality, argues that the optimal aim for science can be identified and the certainty of science ...
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AbstractThe question of what is the aim of science has been one of the most thought-provoking topics in the field of philosophy of science. Watkins, a follower of Karl Popper and a proponent of scientific rationality, argues that the optimal aim for science can be identified and the certainty of science can be released by categorizing the conditions of sufficiency and the demands associated with it, while You can still ask for the confirmed truth. The aim of this article is to examine Watkins 'demands for achieving the aim of science, to promote them, to recall the challenges posed by the optimal aim of science and Watkins' response to them, and to explain the pragmatic principle of induction in the selection of theories. It is one of the competing theories. Watkins believes that by pursuing the optimal aim for science, scientists have the freedom to do research on any subject, but the optimal aim of science prevents them from adopting erroneous theories
saeedeh babai; Monireh Bahreini; faezeh norouzi; narjes saberi; kazem fouladi
Abstract
Many attempts have been made in the history and philosophy of science to suppose machines as human beings. Sometimes they are attributed mind, sometimes emotion, and sometimes intelligence. All this is to make the border between humans and machines as narrow as possible, so that one day they may unite. ...
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Many attempts have been made in the history and philosophy of science to suppose machines as human beings. Sometimes they are attributed mind, sometimes emotion, and sometimes intelligence. All this is to make the border between humans and machines as narrow as possible, so that one day they may unite. But this effort can be made in another direction. It is possible to bring humans closer to the machines as much as possible with a systematic view, which is what the cybernetic perspective has done. This approach has played a significant role in the emergence of artificial intelligence studies and along with the two approaches of computationalism and representationalism has been able to introduce artificial intelligence as the most important and functional field of science to the world.
amir haji zade
Abstract
Kyle Stanford poses a new challenge to scientific realism, known as the new pessimistic induction. According to him, for every scientific theory, there are "unconceived alternative theories" that go beyond the understanding of scientists; Therefore, one can never be realistic about the unobservable entities ...
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Kyle Stanford poses a new challenge to scientific realism, known as the new pessimistic induction. According to him, for every scientific theory, there are "unconceived alternative theories" that go beyond the understanding of scientists; Therefore, one can never be realistic about the unobservable entities of theories. This article tries to defend scientific realism against Stanford's argument by emphasizing the convergence of successful theories in the history of science. This article emphasizes that under the new pessimistic induction, given the unlimited number of unconceived alternative theories to any successful theory, the possibility of "matching" and "unifying" independent theories will be very unlikely. Whereas in the history of science, we see frequent examples of successful theories being linked. We also try to defend the idea of convergence against critiques.
Mahdi Khalili
Abstract
This paper addresses the scientific realism debate by giving thought to the epistemic status of scientific instruments. The paper claims that a perspectivist yet realist view is capable of explaining the role of instruments in science. Thus, instrumental perspectivism is defined and supported against ...
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This paper addresses the scientific realism debate by giving thought to the epistemic status of scientific instruments. The paper claims that a perspectivist yet realist view is capable of explaining the role of instruments in science. Thus, instrumental perspectivism is defined and supported against the following three criticisms. 1- Perspectivism leads to relativism. 2- Perspectivists’ view that instruments represent reality partially is trivial. 3- The perspectivist claim that instruments are not transparent is either trivial or unacceptable. In response, I defend a realist version of perspectivism on the basis of the concept of “robustness”. I also argue that perspectivism has interesting implications for the plurality of scientific representations and for teaching science to the public. Furthermore, I explain that the (post)phenomenological account of “mediation” sheds light on the assertion that instruments are not transparent.
mohsen khayatkashani; Mirsaeid Mousavi Karimi
Abstract
According to methodological naturalism, in scientific explanation we can only appeal to natural laws, forces and entities, without assuming any role for supernatural entities and parameters. Philosophical naturalism is an ontological view according to which there is nothing but natural elements, principles, ...
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According to methodological naturalism, in scientific explanation we can only appeal to natural laws, forces and entities, without assuming any role for supernatural entities and parameters. Philosophical naturalism is an ontological view according to which there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and physical entities. To justify their views, naturalists usually use Darwin's theory of evolution and extend its domain over all phenomena. In this paper, we will explain Daniel Dennett's views on these issues and critically evaluate his arguments. Then, Alvin Plantinga's evolutionary argument against naturalism will be discussed. The conclusion of the paper is that ontological naturalism is not a correct and tenable opinion.
Javad Darvish Aghajani
Abstract
Most of the scientific answers given to the problem of consciousness have either slipped towards reductionism or tried to explain it through functionalism. The common deficiency of most of them is ignoring the phenomenological and qualitative aspects of consciousness. The view of neural Darwinism has ...
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Most of the scientific answers given to the problem of consciousness have either slipped towards reductionism or tried to explain it through functionalism. The common deficiency of most of them is ignoring the phenomenological and qualitative aspects of consciousness. The view of neural Darwinism has the advantage that, despite being scientific, it leaves aside both reductionist and functionalist perspectives. This view seeks to explain consciousness through the mechanism of natural selection in forming neural groups. Although this theory overcomes most of the contemporary challenges that consciousness has faced, such as Blind-sight, it leaves the hard problem or the explanation of Qualia untouched. In this regard, this view suffers from a kind of inadequacy of empirical data to determine the theory. In this article, a proposal is made to complete and develop this theory in order to overcome the mentioned deficiency. This is done by introducing a Multiple Supervenience that is rooted in Dispositionalism. This relationship relates basic properties to higher-order properties but differs from the classical supervenience in that it can explain the specific causal relationship between levels. The paper shows that this Multiple Supervenience is applicable to the theory of neuronal Darwinism. In order to explain consciousness, Neural Darwinism uses the potential of individual neurons or groups of neurons and the stimuli obtained through external sensors, as well as emergent properties.
Gholam Hossein Rahimi
Abstract
This article pursues two main goals. First, a concise description of the concept of quantity from both philosophical and scientific perspectives with the aim of establishing a scientific relationship and semantic connection between them. And second, to propose a modification of the philosophical concept ...
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This article pursues two main goals. First, a concise description of the concept of quantity from both philosophical and scientific perspectives with the aim of establishing a scientific relationship and semantic connection between them. And second, to propose a modification of the philosophical concept in such a way that it is both compatible with its scientific concept and finds the ability to describe quantitative facts from a rational and philosophical perspective. Explanation of this meaning is the article innovationThis article emphasizes that the concept of "quantity", like many common philosophical and scientific concepts, must be analyzed with a new perspective. This meaning is rooted in the fact that many of the concepts contained in Islamic natural philosophy have not been influenced by the profound changes in the natural sciences. In this article it is shown that the initial definition of philosophers of quantity is accurate and it can be used for the general definition of quantity in new empirical knowledge, but its description and division must be corrected and completed.
ahmad rahmanian
Abstract
The theory of technological embodiment is the first contribution of philosophy to technology. In order to elucidate how the theory evolved historically, this paper first offers a theoretical framework with respect to the stages, approaches, and components of the theory. Next, different accounts of the ...
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The theory of technological embodiment is the first contribution of philosophy to technology. In order to elucidate how the theory evolved historically, this paper first offers a theoretical framework with respect to the stages, approaches, and components of the theory. Next, different accounts of the theory are reconstructed according to the proposed theoretical framework. And finally, based on a comparative study of the accounts, the paper draws new conclusions concerning how the theory evolved historically, suggesting a divergence among contemporary accounts in terms of the (1) components, (2) direction, and (3) basis or cause of the human-artifact relation; this divergence seems to be the effect of a different interpretation on human, not on technology, offered by phenomenology when compared to that of the earlier philosophies.
farzaneh ameri
Abstract
Every science is based on metaphysical and philosophical assumptions, and medicine is no exception. In mixed medicine, Galen considers philosophy and logic to be part of medicine and bases his medical theory on it. Therefore, Galen considered anatomy and physiology not only for the study of organs and ...
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Every science is based on metaphysical and philosophical assumptions, and medicine is no exception. In mixed medicine, Galen considers philosophy and logic to be part of medicine and bases his medical theory on it. Therefore, Galen considered anatomy and physiology not only for the study of organs and processes inside the body, but also as an important source for answering philosophical questions.Therefore, the problem of the present research is to investigate the impact of Galen's philosophical teachings on his knowledge of anatomy and physiology. For this purpose, the article consists of four parts: in the first part, the history of physiology before Galen is examined, and in the second part, it deals with the philosophical teachings and important concepts of the knowledge of physiology and Galen's philosophical outlook, and in the next parts, the impact of Galen's philosophical teachings on the knowledge of the physiology of the brain and nerves. Cardiology, respiration, digestion, reproduction and embryology are examined. This research has been carried out by library method and relying on the works attributed to Galen. Examining the works related to Galen's physiology shows that he was influenced by Plato's theory of the three organs and believed that the three main organs of the body are the brain, heart and liver, therefore Galen's system of physiology includes a set of activities focused on the liver, heart/lungs and brain. A process that must be constantly renewed to continue living. Also, Galen's goal of analyzing and understanding the anatomy and physiology of the body was to understand the nature of pneuma.
Rahman Sharifzadeh
Abstract
Information technology has been intertwined with the social. That’s why the number of social actions, including religious practices, mediated by information technology is increasing. "Dhikr" is one of the last actions that has become possible through smart phone applications. However, IT mediation ...
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Information technology has been intertwined with the social. That’s why the number of social actions, including religious practices, mediated by information technology is increasing. "Dhikr" is one of the last actions that has become possible through smart phone applications. However, IT mediation in dhikr is not possible without changing the practical-empirical aspects of it. Intelligent salawat-counters mediate and change the user, the practice and religious experience of dhikr, as well as the way of looking at ‘dhikr’. How IT mediation does change the religious? Exploring some instances of existing salawat-counters, this paper tries to answer the question from the perspectives of post-phenomenology and the actor-network theory.
Mohammad Mahdi Sadrforati; Amir Mohammad Gamini
Abstract
This paper investigates the evolution of the concept orb in order to give a rational explanation for the concept's introduction and dissolution. This concept, we will argue, was initially introduced in the Greek culture, while suffering from some conceptual ambiguitites. In particular, two geometrical ...
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This paper investigates the evolution of the concept orb in order to give a rational explanation for the concept's introduction and dissolution. This concept, we will argue, was initially introduced in the Greek culture, while suffering from some conceptual ambiguitites. In particular, two geometrical and physical understandings were associated with the concept and they were indistinguishable among different passages. For Ptolemy, the concept of orb had both geometrical and physical realizations in different treatises. But such conceptual ambiguity was gradually eliminated in the Islamic age of science. We believe that this concept articulation was initiated from the early tenth century by the works of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Bīrūnī and by the end of the thirteenth century ultimately the concept was used with its highest clarity. We will enumerate some key conceptual characteristics of the concept in this period in order to show how these components marked the beginning of its dissolution in the sixteenth century. In particular, Tycho Brahe and his fellow astronomers in the sixteenth century decided to abandon the concept for some contradictions between these conceptual components and their own empirical observations.
Reza Gholami; Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari; Alireza Monajemi
Abstract
Study the titles of body organs as well as counting them in the anatomical texts of humoural medicine indicates an important issue: in these texts and in comparison with modern anatomical texts, there is no mention of a significant number of body organs. This is while these two different conclusions ...
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Study the titles of body organs as well as counting them in the anatomical texts of humoural medicine indicates an important issue: in these texts and in comparison with modern anatomical texts, there is no mention of a significant number of body organs. This is while these two different conclusions are the result of the observations of the same action: the dissection of the corpse. In addition, some of these organs are visible to the naked eye, including lymphatic vessels. Therefore, the humoural physician has seen some organs in the process of dissection, but has not. According to the authors of this article, the reason for the invisibility of these organs lies in the connection between observation and theory. In short, the observation of the humoural physician's dissection practice, unlike the observation of the modern anatomist dissection practice, has been based on the humoural theory. Hence, the humoural physician, in the process of dissection, has seen organs which have a humoural function. The rest of the body organs were either not seen or reduced to a fleshy appendages.
Abstract
By appealing to the no-miracle argument (NM), scientific realists claim that the approximate truth of scientific theories and the existence of their postulated entities are the cause of the predictive and explanatory success of science. Antirealists, however, by appealing to the pessimistic meta-induction ...
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By appealing to the no-miracle argument (NM), scientific realists claim that the approximate truth of scientific theories and the existence of their postulated entities are the cause of the predictive and explanatory success of science. Antirealists, however, by appealing to the pessimistic meta-induction argument (PMI), claim that a lot of past predictively successful and yet false theories show that there is not any relationship between success of a theory and its truth. One of the most influential responses of realists to PMI is Structural Realism, proposed by John Worral. The aim of this thesis is to show that during theory-shift there has been a continuity at the structural or formal level, and the central terms of successive theories refer to the same entities (structures). In the first part of this paper NM and PMI will be explained. Then, a critical evaluation of structural realism is given in both epistemological and ontological versions. It will be shown that this thesis is unable to rebut PMI conclusively. The conclusion of this paper, however, is that PMI cannot work against structural realists’ thesis if they limit the domain of their claim to existential sentences of scientific theories, to what I call “Existential Realism.”
mohammad sadegh kavyani; Hamid Parsania; Habibollah Razmi
Abstract
In contemporary discussions, the philosophy of time, in a general division, in the dynamic theory of time future events don’t exist and in the static view they exist.But not all of them conform to some of the findings of modern physics.The present article has reached a different point of view with ...
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In contemporary discussions, the philosophy of time, in a general division, in the dynamic theory of time future events don’t exist and in the static view they exist.But not all of them conform to some of the findings of modern physics.The present article has reached a different point of view with the aim of explaining the compatibility of these evidences with a correct philosophical attitude . By considering the gradation of the reality of the temporal events series, future events are neither absolutely actual existence nor absolutely in potential existence but in a gradational category.That is, neither a fully actual existence nor a completely potential existence; Rather, they have a weak actuality, so that weak effects of them are realized at the present time . In modern physics, evidence of time asymmetry negates the static theory of time, and evidence of the nonlocalizability quantum essences in time — such as the delayed choice experiment — negates the static attitude. But such evidence can strengthen the autonomous view; For while the passage of time is real, the weak effects of future temporal phenomena give rise to their own specific causal properties from the present. This attitude can be a correct interpretation of the of quantum nonlocality in time.
Sayyed Saied Mirahmadi; Seyed Amir Sekhavatian; Majid Mohsenzadeh Ganji
Abstract
Since Aristotle denied the possibility of a space independent of bodies (absolute space), it is clear that in his view, the motion relative to absolute space (absolute motion) is impossible. But, has Aristotle been able to provide a consistent explanation of motion without using the concepts of absolute ...
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Since Aristotle denied the possibility of a space independent of bodies (absolute space), it is clear that in his view, the motion relative to absolute space (absolute motion) is impossible. But, has Aristotle been able to provide a consistent explanation of motion without using the concepts of absolute space and motion—what has not been achieved in Einstein’s general relativity? Is his explanation of motion consistent with Mach’s principle (relativity of motion)? To answer these questions, it is necessary to examine the relationship between Aristotle’s theory of motion and Mach’s principle. This paper demonstrates that Aristotle’s explanation of ‘motion’ does not satisfy Mach’s principle. Moreover, it becomes clear that despite Aristotle’s attempt to remove the concepts of absolute space and motion from physics, his theory is not entirely devoid of these absolute concepts. In other words, it is demonstrated that Aristotle’s theory of motion suffers from an internal inconsistency in the case of rotatory motion. In this study the library data gathered is analyzed based on the descriptive-analytical methodology.
Reza Mahoozi
Abstract
«طبیعت» در واپسین آثار کانت، یکی از مفاهیمی است که در مباحث مربوط به سیاست و حقوق و تعلیم و تربیت بسیار مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. کانت این مفهوم را محور تحولات ...
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«طبیعت» در واپسین آثار کانت، یکی از مفاهیمی است که در مباحث مربوط به سیاست و حقوق و تعلیم و تربیت بسیار مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. کانت این مفهوم را محور تحولات دانشهای حوزه عقل عملی و نظام دانش قرار داده است. بهعقیده وی، نظام دانشِ موجود در دانشگاهها، بهدلیل دوری از این مفهوم کلیدی نه تنها تا کنون ایده نظام کلی دانش را- که بنیاد فلسفی تمامی علوم است- مورد توجه قرار نداده بلکه همچون مانعی در راه تحقق آن عمل کرده است. لذا برای نیل به چنان مطلوبی، دانشگاه باید از اساس دگرگون شود و شکل و محتوای آن تغییر کند. در این طرح دیگرگون، دانشکدة فلسفه باید عملکرد دانشکدههای الهیات و حقوق و پزشکی را با خواست و طرح طبیعت که همانا تحقق نظام جمهوری در عرصه عینی و تحقق خیر اعلا و ملکوت غایات در عرصه ذهنی است، همراه سازد. برای تحقق این دو مطلوب، دانشگاه باید ایدة علم مطلق را تبیین و رهبری کند. بهعقیده کانت، از میان دانشکدههای برتر، دانشکده پزشکی نزدیکی بیشتری با دانشکده مادون فلسفه دارد و بهدلیل همین نزدیکی بیش از دیگر دانشکدهها میتواند دانشکده فلسفه را در تنظیم حرکت دانشگاه بر مدار طبیعت یاری کند. این نوشتار درصدد است علاوهبر تبیین فلسفی ایدة علم مطلق بهمثابه بنیاد تمامی علوم و یافتههای پژوهشی در اندیشه کانت، نشان دهد در رساله نزاع دانشکدهها به چه معنا دانش پزشکی نزدیکترین دانش موجود به فلسفه انتقادی است و چگونه این نزدیکی میتواند در خدمت ایدة علم مطلق و خواست طبیعت قرار گیرد.
Aboutorab Yaghmaie; Khashayar Ghadirinezhad
Abstract
Why are some technology policies successful and some not? Although this question is directly addressed in science, technology and innovation policy, it can be deeply explored in the philosophy of technology as well. The aim of this article is to discuss this question regarding the problem of the value ...
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Why are some technology policies successful and some not? Although this question is directly addressed in science, technology and innovation policy, it can be deeply explored in the philosophy of technology as well. The aim of this article is to discuss this question regarding the problem of the value embodiment in technology. Of the relation between value and technology, it is no longer a question of whether technology embodies value or not, but of how it does. van de Poel has recently proposed an account of the embodiment to explain how AI systems as sociotechnical systems can embody moral values. Using his account, we try to answer particularly a question related to the first one but regarding domestic considerations: why are not the policies of developing domestic instant messengers and banning non-domestic ones successful in Iran?
Mohammad Ebrahim Maghsoudi
Abstract
Teller has argued that in our complex world, applying standard referential semantics is successful only in idealized environments. Most of the time, however, reference fails, leading to a failure of referential as well as scientific realism. This is due to a feature of objects in our world that I call ...
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Teller has argued that in our complex world, applying standard referential semantics is successful only in idealized environments. Most of the time, however, reference fails, leading to a failure of referential as well as scientific realism. This is due to a feature of objects in our world that I call spectralness. That is why Teller turns to perspectival realism as a pis aller. I will argue that not only the standard referential semantics but also the standard modal semantics is doomed to fail as a result of spectralness. This, however, does not mean that spectralness is not a modal property. I will discuss that counterpart theory prepares an appropriate framework to deal with spectralness, in light of which the failure of the standard referential (modal) semantics can be explained. I will thus argue that spectralness is a modal property of objects, which the best interpretation of it is the structural one. I accept Teller's perspectival realism but argue that it is a kind of modal structural realism, as Ladyman has in mind.
Abdolhamid Mohammadi; Ali Paya
Abstract
The later Wittgenstein presents all types of knowledge claims in the context of language games. He also maintains that no language game is possible without certainty. Certainty lies outside of language games, but the very existence of any kind of language game depends on it. In his view, even "the game ...
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The later Wittgenstein presents all types of knowledge claims in the context of language games. He also maintains that no language game is possible without certainty. Certainty lies outside of language games, but the very existence of any kind of language game depends on it. In his view, even "the game of doubting presupposes certainty". According to Wittgenstein, certainty, as well as absolute doubt and absolute knowledge are meaningless. But relative doubt, or as he calls it, "reasonable doubt", is meaningful and can produce its own language game. The language game of doubting, like other language games, is based on what Wittgenstein dubs a set of "world-picture" or a system of "hinge propositions". In Wittgenstein's opinion, ‘hinge propositions’ are based on people’s lived experiences and their collective agreements over them. ‘Hinge propositions,’ in this sense, are objective, and although he refers to them as ‘propositions’, they are not propositions in the usual sense of this term: they do not partake in reasoning and arguments but the discourses of causes (and their effects). In this article, we first discuss the characteristics of relative doubt and the rules of the language game of doubt, as well as the characteristics of certainty and the system of ‘hinge propositions’. We then move on to a critical assessment of Wittgenstein’s views on the above topics by highlighting some internal inconsistencies in his arguments and exposing some shortcomings in his views through the prism of Critical Rationalism.
