Ata Heshmati; Meysam Sefidkhosh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2017, , Pages 37-59
Abstract
In this essay, at first, we will discuss Heidegger's notions on the main crisis of Western academy raised after the First World War. Heidegger thinks that this crisis is the effect of "theoretical approach" dominated by natural sciences which transmitted to other disciplines. Secondly, the Heidegger's ...
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In this essay, at first, we will discuss Heidegger's notions on the main crisis of Western academy raised after the First World War. Heidegger thinks that this crisis is the effect of "theoretical approach" dominated by natural sciences which transmitted to other disciplines. Secondly, the Heidegger's analysis on the basis of the theoretical approach is examined and we argue how a theory is primarily derived from 'live situations' in the way of de-vivification and formalization processes. These subjects can be studied by emphasis on the Freiburg 1919 lecture-courses. Young Heidegger believes that science is a life practice that based on an existential encounter with the world. In this context, every scientific practice must be viewed and interpreted in its life-context. The theoretical encounter originated in a pre-theoretical encounter. Drawing on a schematic figure, it will be examined clearer, by which to a certain degree we can show the process of construction of the theoretical something from a situational something.
Volume 5, Issue 10 , March 2016, , Pages 39-63
Abstract
It seems that emergence of evolutionary game theory and the spread of its popularity and utilization, indicates a change in tools of game theory which used by game theorists and economists; insomuch as some considers this theory as a progress in the classical game theory. This article, first, ...
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It seems that emergence of evolutionary game theory and the spread of its popularity and utilization, indicates a change in tools of game theory which used by game theorists and economists; insomuch as some considers this theory as a progress in the classical game theory. This article, first, seeks to outline the essential differences between classical game theory and evolutionary game theory. Secondly, we raise the question that ‘whether the evolutionary game theory can be seen as a kind of progress on the classical game theory?’ This inquiry is based on a theoretical approach and focuses on some studies in the philosophy of economics, methodology of economics, history of game theory and philosophy of science. The conclusion of this paper can be elaborated in two related ideas. First, the emergence of evolutionary game theory and its continued use in economics cannot be analyzed in the framework of well-ordered approaches in the philosophy of science. Second, it seems that Feyerabend and McCloskey’s explanations on this subject gain better ‘validity’.
Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali
Volume 8, Issue 16 , March 2019, , Pages 43-63
Abstract
The prevalence of reductionist dualisms, driven from some conceptual opposites such as realism vs. constructivism or rationalism vs. relativism, has been one of the most significant impacts of post-positivist challenge in epistemology. How one can explain ‘rationality’, as objective examination ...
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The prevalence of reductionist dualisms, driven from some conceptual opposites such as realism vs. constructivism or rationalism vs. relativism, has been one of the most significant impacts of post-positivist challenge in epistemology. How one can explain ‘rationality’, as objective examination of reasonability of a sentence or standpoint, despite the challenges driven from anti-foundationalism? To respond the question, the present paper hypothesizes that such possibility can be found in a particular narrative of Pragmatism which is founded on a commonsensical perception of reality and practical definition of the reasonable. A feature in rationalistic process of examining the scientific sentences or normative standpoints on which the principle of the truth / rational validity might be founded is the axis to the above-mentioned explanation. The feature is “deliberation” and openness to verification. Accordingly, the present paper seeks to highlight a central common feature by which a wide range of theorists in fields of philosophy of science and social science epistemology could be interrelated. Inasmuch as the narrative deals with issues like the nature of reality and the conditions required for acquiring rational understanding of the reasonability, the paper would be organized based on a meta-theoretical framework driven from Aristotle`s notion of Pharonisis.
Mariam Shafiee; Hadi Samadi
Abstract
John Dewey in the art as experience presents an exquisite theory of aesthetic and art, which its roots can be found in his evolutionary and Hegelian views. The book introduces a new look to art, besides, marginally, compares science and art to guide the reader in reaching the author's views in the philosophy ...
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John Dewey in the art as experience presents an exquisite theory of aesthetic and art, which its roots can be found in his evolutionary and Hegelian views. The book introduces a new look to art, besides, marginally, compares science and art to guide the reader in reaching the author's views in the philosophy of art. The present paper seeks to rewrite Dewey's view of scientific realism. In this rewriting, the claim is that by making comparisons between art and science as Dewey did during the writing of the book of art as experience, we can reach to a better understanding of the current debate between scientific realists and social constructivists in the philosophy of science. In fact, Dewey illustrates the continuous interaction of human and the environment, which is neither consistent with the usual readings of realism in the philosophy of science nor with the general interpretation of social constructivism.
seyyed Hamid Reza Hassani; Asgar Dirbaz; Hadi Mousavi; Malek Shjaei Jashughani
Abstract
مبانی روششناختی پارادایمهای عمده علوم انسانی و قضاوت در مورد اعتبار یا عدم اعتبار آنها متکی بر مبانی معرفتشناختی، وجودشناختی و انسانشناختی آن پارادایم است. آشنایی ...
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مبانی روششناختی پارادایمهای عمده علوم انسانی و قضاوت در مورد اعتبار یا عدم اعتبار آنها متکی بر مبانی معرفتشناختی، وجودشناختی و انسانشناختی آن پارادایم است. آشنایی با مباحث انسانشناختی از دیدگاه دیلتای هم برای آشنایی با پارادایم تفسیرگرایی و هم برای شناخت پارادایم هرمنوتیکی مهم است. شناخت هویت دوگانه انسان یکی از اساسیترین عناصر این پارادایم را پیش روی ما قرار میدهد. ارائه تصویر درستی از طبیعت انسانی و چگونگی توسعه بخشیدن به دقت ابزار عملی جریانات علمی یکی از دغدغههای اصلی دیلتای بود. از جمله کارهای بدیع او برقراری تعامل میان دو عنصر «طبیعت انسانی» و «تاریخی بودن» بود که تا زمان او گمان بر تعارض میان آنها میرفت و دیلتای آنها را در خدمت روششناسی علوم انسانی درآورد. او با تبیین مبانی انسانشناختی، معارف به دست آمده از علوم انسانی را معتبرتر از یافتههای علوم طبیعی میدانست و تلاش کرد بواسطه ثبات هویت انسانی در عین تاریخی بودن آن، اعتبار علوم انسانی را نشان دهد. این مقاله بر آن است تا به روشی تحلیلی عناصر اصلی اندیشه دیلتای به دست آید و سپس بر اساس ترکیب این عناصر نشان داده شود که چگونه عینیت علوم انسانی بر این مبنا تأمین میشود.
hale Asgarinia; Saeedeh Babaii; Moslem Solhi Rad; Mohammad Namazi; Seyed Hassan Hosseini
Volume 7, Issue 13 , September 2017, , Pages 45-71
Abstract
Can one distinguish between natural objects and artifacts? Or should one look at the universe without considering natural-artifact dichotomy? The answers of these questions, determine the position of philosophy of technology in confronting with the technical artifacts, and bring about challenging issues. ...
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Can one distinguish between natural objects and artifacts? Or should one look at the universe without considering natural-artifact dichotomy? The answers of these questions, determine the position of philosophy of technology in confronting with the technical artifacts, and bring about challenging issues. In this paper, we try to answer these questions from different perspectives. First, we will express the contemporary philosophers’ views about the distinction between artifacts and natural object, which the boundary between these two worlds seems to be unclear to some extent in their views and one can’t, without controversy, categorize things into these two categories.
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi; Mehdi Golshani; Amir Ehsan Karbasizadeh
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2012, , Pages 47-68
Abstract
This paper aims toward the formulation of unificationist approach in the development process of standard quantum mechanics (SQM) during the years 1913-1927, focusing on Bohr and Heisenberg as the two prominent founder scientists of ‘Copenhagen’ quantum mechanics. In this investigation, we ...
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This paper aims toward the formulation of unificationist approach in the development process of standard quantum mechanics (SQM) during the years 1913-1927, focusing on Bohr and Heisenberg as the two prominent founder scientists of ‘Copenhagen’ quantum mechanics. In this investigation, we formulate various types of unificationist approaches involving reductionist, analogist, and holistic forms of unificationism, within Bohr’s and Heisenberg’s main works. Thus, one part of this paper is devoted to description and articulation of several kinds of unificationism from philosophical point of view. Another part is devoted to the conceptual and philosophical analysis of main works of Bohr (including atomic model, correspondence principle, and complementarily) and Heisenberg (Matrix mechanics and indeterminacy relations). This analysis includes origins, methods, contents, and consequences of their works on physics, in the specific period of SQM development.
Azadeh Doustelahi; Mostafa Taqavi; seyed ali samadi
Volume 11, Issue 21 , June 2021, , Pages 47-62
Abstract
AbstractIn this article, we use Thagard's conceptual tree theory to explain the increase in the number of people with "Autism Spectrum Disorders." At first glance, the explanation for the increase in the number of cases of this disorder may be due to the actual increase in the number of people, for reasons ...
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AbstractIn this article, we use Thagard's conceptual tree theory to explain the increase in the number of people with "Autism Spectrum Disorders." At first glance, the explanation for the increase in the number of cases of this disorder may be due to the actual increase in the number of people, for reasons that have not yet been identified. Or that medical professionals have developed more accurate tools for identification and screening. But this initial explanation for the increase in the number of people can also have complementary explanations, such as medicalization and conceptual change. In this article, we explain the conceptual change; In such a way that the increase in the number of cases is due to changes in the concept of this disorder, which results in the inclusion of new people who were not previously included in this spectrum. It is also cited as an alternative explanation for Paul Thagard's theory of the tree of conceptual change, in which he researched the conceptual hierarchical change of tuberculosis And by applying his theory, we show that the increase in the number of cases of autism spectrum disorders can be due to a change in the concept of autism, in addition to the possibility of an increase in the number of people and more accurate medical devices..
Saeed Anvari
Abstract
In ancient medicine and natural sciences, it was accepted that living beings could arise without reproduction, directly through the constitution of the four elements and receiving Form from their sources. Based on this, they believed that some animals could arise from nonliving matter or the bodies of ...
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In ancient medicine and natural sciences, it was accepted that living beings could arise without reproduction, directly through the constitution of the four elements and receiving Form from their sources. Based on this, they believed that some animals could arise from nonliving matter or the bodies of other living beings that are not genetically similar to them. For example, mice are born from mud, scorpions from hay, and flies from rotten meat. This type of creation of living beings is called a spontaneous generation (Tavalod) which is opposite to birth (Tavalod), caused by the activity of the generative power of living beings. This point of view, which is also mentioned in Aristotle's works, was accepted by Avicenna, and after him, it was popular among Islamic philosophers. This view has had various applications in Islamic philosophy, which include: 1. The stories of Salaman va ‘Absal and Hayy Ibn Yaqzan are not fictional; 2. Explaining the origin of the three produced things (inanimate, plant, and animal) on the earth; 3. complementary view on the theory of the cosmological cycle; 4. Explaining how to preserve species; 5. An example of accidental affairs; 6. A proof of the existence of Non-material intellect; 7. Evidence that some rare religious events can be realizable; 8. Evidence of the possibility of resurrection. The view of spontaneous generation was finally rejected in the 19th century by the experiments of Louis Pasteur. In this article, by analyzing the foundations and reasons for accepting this theory, its applications in Islamic philosophy have been reviewed.
Mohsen Donyavi
Volume 8, Issue 15 , September 2018, , Pages 49-63
Abstract
Moritz Schlick divides our knowledge of reality and independent external world into two domains of conventional knowledge needed in everyday life, and scientific knowledge. Relying on this division, he shows how logical positivism is not in need of metaphysical confrontation with reality and external ...
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Moritz Schlick divides our knowledge of reality and independent external world into two domains of conventional knowledge needed in everyday life, and scientific knowledge. Relying on this division, he shows how logical positivism is not in need of metaphysical confrontation with reality and external world in either of these realms. The present article studies Moritz Schlick’s academic trend and the turning points of his scientific life, from the tradition of philosophical physicists to succession of Ernst Mach, and to his association with Vienna Cycle; and meanwhile attempts to answer the question of what has been his image of reality and independent world as ontological issues? What always has been taken into consideration about logical positivists is limited to their epistemological and methodological aspects. Here we intent to reproduce the ontological aspect of Schlick’s thoughts, taking into account the challenge that he and the Vienna cycle pose to metaphysics
yasser delfani; Ahmadreza Hemmatimoghaddam
Abstract
Physicalism is a view that holds everything is physical and considers phenomenal consciousness as a physical phenomenon. The Zombie conceivability argument that has been raised by David Chalmers shows that phenomenal consciousness cannot be a physical phenomenon. As a result, the claim of physicalism ...
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Physicalism is a view that holds everything is physical and considers phenomenal consciousness as a physical phenomenon. The Zombie conceivability argument that has been raised by David Chalmers shows that phenomenal consciousness cannot be a physical phenomenon. As a result, the claim of physicalism is false. Two-dimensional semantics is one of the components of this argument that plays an important role in constructing the first and second premisses of this argument so that without it this argument would not be formed. It establishes primary conceivability in the first premise and primary and secondary possibility in the second premise so that provides the inference of secondary possibility from primary possibility. Our purpose in this article is to explain and clarify two-dimensional semantics and its role in this argument.
Majid Tavassoli Roknabadi; Mohammad Shad
Volume 4, Issue 7 , October 2014, , Pages 53-85
Abstract
The notion of pluralism has developed and expanded through the paradigmatic evolution of modern knowledge; Paradigm’s elements changing have caused paradigm shifts and through these shifts, from the objectivist paradigms to relativist paradigm, and critical and combined approaches, the notion of ...
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The notion of pluralism has developed and expanded through the paradigmatic evolution of modern knowledge; Paradigm’s elements changing have caused paradigm shifts and through these shifts, from the objectivist paradigms to relativist paradigm, and critical and combined approaches, the notion of pluralism has developed and formulated and interpreted differently in each of these different approaches. During the course of positivism, pluralism growth conditions have been provided negatively. pluralism`s seed placed in the context of modernism in post positivism period, and developed in critical rationalism course and finally became a robust seedlings in dominance of relativism period. Through the study of knowledge paradigmatic evolution in the West civilization, we can conclude that as the tendency to realistic ontology, absolutist epistemology and quantitative methodology become more we encounter concepts like ‘Centralism’, ‘Holism’, ‘Fundamentalism’, ‘Principalism’, ‘Absolutism’ and ‘Epistemic Dogmatism’ more. So the intensity of commitment to the concept of modern pluralism reduced. On the other hand, as tendency to Idealist ontology, subjective or relativistic epistemology and qualitative methodologies intensifies, some concepts such as ‘Decentralism’, ‘Partial vision’, ‘Destructurim’, ‘Plurality believe’, ‘Relativism’ and ‘Epistemological Skepticism’ are appeared more. So the same result is the case; the commitment to the concept of modern pluralism lessened.
Reza Sadeqi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , September 2015, , Pages 53-77
Abstract
Kuhn’s philosophy is known as the beginning of thpost-positivistic period. In this essay by reviewing Kuhn's critiques on empiricism we'll see that by weakening and justifying the epistemic roles of experience he tries to support and expand the relativism to the realm of natural sciences. Although ...
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Kuhn’s philosophy is known as the beginning of thpost-positivistic period. In this essay by reviewing Kuhn's critiques on empiricism we'll see that by weakening and justifying the epistemic roles of experience he tries to support and expand the relativism to the realm of natural sciences. Although Kuhn seriously criticizes the Vienna Circle, he at the same time maintains some of positivist principles. Thus, according to some interpretations Kuhn’s relativism is the logical consequence of some positivistic foundations and therefore his view is the continuation of positivism. Evaluation evidences of this claim would be the end of this essay.
Roohollah Karimi
Volume 6, Issue 11 , September 2016, , Pages 53-79
Abstract
At the time that whistle of trains, the ringtones of phones and the lighting of lamps leave no room for nineteenth century people to doubt modern science and its technological benefits, Nietzsche challenged it. He criticized the main foundation of modern science that the natural world corresponds with ...
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At the time that whistle of trains, the ringtones of phones and the lighting of lamps leave no room for nineteenth century people to doubt modern science and its technological benefits, Nietzsche challenged it. He criticized the main foundation of modern science that the natural world corresponds with our scientific ‘rules’ or ‘laws’. He also criticized the principle of causality that is very necessary to understand the scientific world. However there are important and subtle differences between his early and middle works and his final works concerning his critics of the concepts of ‘law’ and ‘causality’. In the deeper layers of his critics, Nietzsche was attempting to discover the deep link between science and metaphysics. Therefore, he depicts the emerging of the ‘true world’ fable as weakening the entire edifice of modern science. Hence, Nietzsche considers science as a nihilistic adventure, and comparing science and theology he introduces science as the highest form of ascetic ideal and its best collaborator. It should be noted that the final purpose of Nietzsche will not to discard science and willingness to truth as its main drive, but rebuild it on pillars of new values that say yes to life.
Moslem Peymany
Abstract
In this paper, a general overview of philosophy of finance was searched and discussed as one of the topics in the philosophy of science and its importance was analyzed. In this regard, some of the issues raised in finance were examined from three aspects of ontology, epistemology and methodology, according ...
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In this paper, a general overview of philosophy of finance was searched and discussed as one of the topics in the philosophy of science and its importance was analyzed. In this regard, some of the issues raised in finance were examined from three aspects of ontology, epistemology and methodology, according to which, first of all, both finance and its categories, despite the claim of realism, face two issues of objectivity and generalization. Second, financial theories are largely positivist and generally functionalist approaches, both of which have cognitive limitations for this branch of science. Also, although there is evidence of paradigm shift and a Cohen’s scientific revolution in finance with the advent of behavioral finance, it may be a bit hasty to confirm this because of its short lifespan, but the development of financial theories is consistent with Lakatosh's research programs. Finally, the role of ethics in finance was discussed and the need to pay more attention to the goals in finance was pointed out.
Masoud Zia Ali Nasab Pour
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, , Pages 59-83
Abstract
In this paper I will examine Ichikawa & Jarvis’s model (2011) as an imagination-based model for the explanation of acquiring modal knowledge (or possibility of such knowledge). After defining coherent imagination, Ichikawa & Jarvis claim that while we cannot find out about metaphysical ...
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In this paper I will examine Ichikawa & Jarvis’s model (2011) as an imagination-based model for the explanation of acquiring modal knowledge (or possibility of such knowledge). After defining coherent imagination, Ichikawa & Jarvis claim that while we cannot find out about metaphysical possibility with imagination, we can reach another kind of possibility, i.e. conceptual possibility. To explain which proposition is conceptually possible, they use the notion of “conceptual entailment”; a proposition is conceptually possible if it doesn’t conceptually entail an absurdity. Ichikawa & Jarvis show that conceptual possibility and coherent imagination is coextensive, so if we can coherently imagine a proposition, it is conceptually possible. Ichikawa & Jarvis, then, propose a model for the relation between conceptual and metaphysical modality: If proposition P conceptually entails that a proposition, which is not in fact true, is true in the actual world, then P is metaphysically impossible. In this paper after presenting Ichikawa & Jarvis’s model, I will argue that their model is incaple of providing an explanation for acquiring modal knowledge (or possibility of such knowledge) by imagination.
Mahmoud Mokhtari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , September 2011, , Pages 61-74
Abstract
There are several approaches to the concept of "Filed" in the classical theory of Electromagnetism; Operationalism and Realism are two important strategies in this regard. I this paper the Realistic view of Marc Lang is introduced as well as the empiricist views of Carnap and Bridgman. Lang in his famous ...
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There are several approaches to the concept of "Filed" in the classical theory of Electromagnetism; Operationalism and Realism are two important strategies in this regard. I this paper the Realistic view of Marc Lang is introduced as well as the empiricist views of Carnap and Bridgman. Lang in his famous book "An Introduction to the Philosophy of Physics" suggests two essential questions about "action at distance" and "reality of fields" and after a proper discussion conclude that the Classical Physics is not capable of dissolving the problems relating the locality and the ontology of energy and field, and it is the mission of the Special Theory of Relativity.
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Amiri
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 65-95
Abstract
At the beginning, mentions will be made to definitions and analyses posed by philosophers of technology such as Martin Heidegger, Mario Jung, and Stephen Kline of the concept of technology; then, the author will describe how such definitions may be applied to the concept of ecommerce. After it, through ...
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At the beginning, mentions will be made to definitions and analyses posed by philosophers of technology such as Martin Heidegger, Mario Jung, and Stephen Kline of the concept of technology; then, the author will describe how such definitions may be applied to the concept of ecommerce. After it, through analysis of ideas posed by Martin Heidegger, Karl Marx, Jacques Ellul, Donald Mackenzie, Hans Jonas, and Andrew Feenberg which are discussed in the philosophy of technology concerning requirements of technological civilization, limitations imposed by ecommerce on individuals and society will be discussed. Such requirements will evidently cause the issue of relation between morality and technology to emerge. In the present writing, the issue of morality and technology will be studied from three respects: determination of objectives, ways and means to attain objectives, and effects of technology. Then, virtual and meta-reality of postmodern technology will be discussed; and from this perspective, effects and consequences of ecommerce for the identities of individuals and traditions of the society will be analyzed.
Seyed Mohammad Reza Amiri Tehrani
Abstract
With regards to the inefficiencies and uncompromising situations within the humanities and social sciences field in Iran, the challenge of problematizing these sciences is inevitable. So far, numerous research analyzing humanities and social sciences’ problems in the Iranian academic system have ...
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With regards to the inefficiencies and uncompromising situations within the humanities and social sciences field in Iran, the challenge of problematizing these sciences is inevitable. So far, numerous research analyzing humanities and social sciences’ problems in the Iranian academic system have been published. Considering the important role of humanities and social sciences in the modern Iranian society, we attempt to suggest a theoretical framework for the problematization of humanities and social sciences in Iran. The exploration of the main challenges facing humanities and social sciences in Iran from the community, academy and administration point of view, sparks three hypotheses. First, humanities and social sciences’ theories and teachings are not applied accurately. Second, the humanities and social sciences’ schools of thought are not chosen properly according to Iranian circumstances. And third, there are metaphysical differences between axioms and presupposition of humanities and social sciences having western origins and those with Islamic-Iranian culture.
Mohammad Saeedimehr; Sakineh Karimi
Volume 3, Issue 6 , February 2014, , Pages 47-71
Abstract
In the light of the analysis of Avicenna’s definition of “nature” we can discover the main principles of his physics, which are: ‘The agency of the nature’, ‘the directness of this agency’, ‘the natural object’, and ‘the essential agency of ...
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In the light of the analysis of Avicenna’s definition of “nature” we can discover the main principles of his physics, which are: ‘The agency of the nature’, ‘the directness of this agency’, ‘the natural object’, and ‘the essential agency of the nature’. One of the main consequences of this analysis is that the nature could be considered as the direct cause of the motion, immobility and spatial balance of the material objects. Moreover, it shows that natural objects are essentially capable of possess natural properties. Accordingly, Avicenna considers that the natural properties are the same as the essential properties, which material objects have them necessarily.
Foad Sadeghi; Maryam Jamshidi; Seyyed Ammar Kalantari
Volume 2, Issue 4 , March 2013, , Pages 51-73
Abstract
Nowadays, Thousands of English and Persian scientific articles are produced Annual and total of Journals and Depth research, are growing Tenfold than the past. So, is the Science growing such the total of articles and ISI in our country? In this article, being discussed with the Challenge to Common Criteria ...
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Nowadays, Thousands of English and Persian scientific articles are produced Annual and total of Journals and Depth research, are growing Tenfold than the past. So, is the Science growing such the total of articles and ISI in our country? In this article, being discussed with the Challenge to Common Criteria Journals of Research and Review gave no idea of the scientific Ideational method about the actual criteria scientific article. And finally, introduction and providing two criteria of the Benefit method and repeatability and Verification for the other researches along with the synergy of science and having new ideas as Fundamental standards of science as being an article. Also providing Procedures to produce scientific papers.
Mahnaz Farahmand
Volume 3, Issue 5 , September 2013, , Pages 57-71
Abstract
This paper is allocated to analyze the key concepts of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of science and Actor- Network Theory. Through considering the concepts of field, capital, and symbolic capital, Bourdieu regards the circumstances of science production. He draw this strategy from his first argument ...
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This paper is allocated to analyze the key concepts of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of science and Actor- Network Theory. Through considering the concepts of field, capital, and symbolic capital, Bourdieu regards the circumstances of science production. He draw this strategy from his first argument on the competition between science supporters and claimants over capital. Through criticizing Actor- Network theory, which nullifies the distinctions between human and non human actors, he portrays a comprehensive picture of the new sociology of science’s irregularities. However, the actor-network theory accuses the Bourdieu ideas to have classical sociology of science’s defects. In this paper through a comparative examination of the two approaches’ theoretical dimensions from various aspects, we will specify their basic and conceptual distinctions.
Ali Azizi; Mostafa Taghavi
Volume 4, Issue 8 , March 2015, , Pages 59-74
Abstract
The viewpoints of Kuhn and Feyerabend, as two philosophers of science, are similar in many aspects, even the same in certain problems. They do not believe in any objective and universal rationality, hence, their views are regarded relativistic by many other philosophers. These two philosophers, belong ...
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The viewpoints of Kuhn and Feyerabend, as two philosophers of science, are similar in many aspects, even the same in certain problems. They do not believe in any objective and universal rationality, hence, their views are regarded relativistic by many other philosophers. These two philosophers, belong to the second half of the twentieth century and are considered as a response to positivism and negativism. Despite the extensive correspondences, there are some significant differences between them. In this paper, we have tried to derive and analyze the criticisms of Feyerabend to Kuhn's viewpoint on science, such as critisizing the Kuhn's ideological approach to history, the domain of his incommensurability, the ambiguity in normativeness and descriptiveness of his ideas, unjustifiable transition from tenacity to proliferation, failure in discriminating between science and non-science via theoretical entities such as paradigm and normal science, and finally restricting the scientists’ freedom throughout the normal science.
mojtaba zareei
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2017, , Pages 61-82
Abstract
In modern times, human beings have witnessed some changes including a disassociation between natural sciences and humanities. In this course, natural sciences, with a focus on such disciplines as mathematics, physics, and chemistry became the queen of human knowledge. That the sciences have enabled ...
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In modern times, human beings have witnessed some changes including a disassociation between natural sciences and humanities. In this course, natural sciences, with a focus on such disciplines as mathematics, physics, and chemistry became the queen of human knowledge. That the sciences have enabled human to get benefits from nature has led to the prevalence of the idea that they can be applied to other areas of knowledge such as human-related sciences, that’s why what today is called ‘methodological unity’ emerged during this period. ‘Sensory experience’ is the only appeal natural sciences recognize, and this experience is the basis of truth. Sensory experience in naturalist thoughts is a special and unique phenomenon and thus their results can’t be extended to the other events of future. On the other hand, disbelieving in generalizability will undermine the conditions of law in these thoughts. But providing a unique perception of time and its relation with mankind, and also believing in a set of general and universal principles that have been laid down in human nature, nativisitc thought dispels the fundamental contradictions of the philosophies stemmed from natural sciences.
Amin Motevallian
Abstract
The connection between low of nature and natural things is an important problem in metaphysics of science. There are two groups that defense this connection. The first who believe that low are contingent, suppose this connection is week. The last think law is grand in properties of natural kind. Essentialist ...
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The connection between low of nature and natural things is an important problem in metaphysics of science. There are two groups that defense this connection. The first who believe that low are contingent, suppose this connection is week. The last think law is grand in properties of natural kind. Essentialist as an example of last group, in any view, claim that natural laws, metaphysically, are necessity. Backing to history of science as a usual method, essentialist find out the relation between kinds and law. In this Issue, by explaining the alchemical Mizan law, we study the relation between essentialism and mizan.
