The central claim of this article is that the philosophy of medicine emerged through a critical confrontation with classical philosophy of science, a confrontation that coincided with the very possibility of articulating the contemporary medical crisis. This simultaneity is not accidental; rather, it reveals the insufficiency of the classical philosophy of science in grasping the practical, clinical, and social character of medicine. The article argues that the rise of the philosophy of medicine should be understood as internally connected to both the limitations of classical philosophy of science and the formulation of the modern medical crisis. To this end, the paper first examines the conceptual framework of classical philosophy of science and its shortcomings in accounting for the nature of medicine. It then focuses on the idea of medical crisis, showing how the excessive scientification and technologization of medical practice have led to the dehumanization of the clinical encounter and have thereby encouraged a critical engagement with this framework. Next, the theoretical debates of the 1970s, particularly the Kaplan–Pellegrino controversy, are analyzed as a historical juncture at which the question of the relationship between philosophy of medicine and philosophy of science was explicitly raised. Drawing on the analyses of Wieland, Fleck, and Sadeghzadeh, the article subsequently develops a positive account of medicine as a distinct kind of knowledge and highlights the emerging distinction between theoretical sciences and practical sciences. Finally, the implications of this shift in perspective for the critique of contemporary medicine and for rethinking the relationship between science, practice, and the modern human sciences are examined.