Mehdi Esmaili
Abstract
Abstract: Hitchcock's counter-examples showed that Salmon's revised account of scientific explanation cannot resolve the problem of explanatory relevance. In this model, interactions of causal processes introduce different marks or conserved quantities. According to Hitchcock, Salmon's account fails ...
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Abstract: Hitchcock's counter-examples showed that Salmon's revised account of scientific explanation cannot resolve the problem of explanatory relevance. In this model, interactions of causal processes introduce different marks or conserved quantities. According to Hitchcock, Salmon's account fails to distinguish marks or conserved quantities which are explanatorily relevant to the explanandum. The aim of this paper is to examine Hitchcock's objection within Lipton's contrastive analysis and resolve explanatory relevance problem of salmon's account of scientific explanation. It is argued that by selecting the appropriate foil and determining the difference between fact and foil, we can distinguish the explanatory relevant marks or conserved quantities.
Hassan Amiriara
Abstract
Morganti and Tahko advocate a kind of metaphysics that they call "moderate naturalized metaphysics." This moderate naturalism concerning metaphysics differs crucially with, on the one hand, Ladyman & Ross's radical project of naturalizing metaphysics and, on the other hand, proposals aiming to defend ...
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Morganti and Tahko advocate a kind of metaphysics that they call "moderate naturalized metaphysics." This moderate naturalism concerning metaphysics differs crucially with, on the one hand, Ladyman & Ross's radical project of naturalizing metaphysics and, on the other hand, proposals aiming to defend the autonomy of metaphysics, such as those of Larry Paul and Jonathan Lowe. Morganti and Tahko hold that metaphysics overlaps with natural sciences in terms of subject matter and has a sufficient degree of independence from it in terms of method. In this article, I will outline this naturalistic project, mainly in contrast with the meta-metaphysical views of Ladyman & Ross, Lowe, and Paul. Then I attempt to examine and criticize it, arguing that their project faces two main challenges. First, it cannot suitably address the overlap between metaphysics and science regarding the subject matter. Second, it cannot provide a criterion for limiting and constraining the metaphysical activity based on naturalism.
Saeed Anvari
Abstract
In ancient medicine and natural sciences, it was accepted that living beings could arise without reproduction, directly through the constitution of the four elements and receiving Form from their sources. Based on this, they believed that some animals could arise from nonliving matter or the bodies of ...
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In ancient medicine and natural sciences, it was accepted that living beings could arise without reproduction, directly through the constitution of the four elements and receiving Form from their sources. Based on this, they believed that some animals could arise from nonliving matter or the bodies of other living beings that are not genetically similar to them. For example, mice are born from mud, scorpions from hay, and flies from rotten meat. This type of creation of living beings is called a spontaneous generation (Tavalod) which is opposite to birth (Tavalod), caused by the activity of the generative power of living beings. This point of view, which is also mentioned in Aristotle's works, was accepted by Avicenna, and after him, it was popular among Islamic philosophers. This view has had various applications in Islamic philosophy, which include: 1. The stories of Salaman va ‘Absal and Hayy Ibn Yaqzan are not fictional; 2. Explaining the origin of the three produced things (inanimate, plant, and animal) on the earth; 3. complementary view on the theory of the cosmological cycle; 4. Explaining how to preserve species; 5. An example of accidental affairs; 6. A proof of the existence of Non-material intellect; 7. Evidence that some rare religious events can be realizable; 8. Evidence of the possibility of resurrection. The view of spontaneous generation was finally rejected in the 19th century by the experiments of Louis Pasteur. In this article, by analyzing the foundations and reasons for accepting this theory, its applications in Islamic philosophy have been reviewed.
Mojtaba Jahangardi
Abstract
The subject of this article is to investigate and analyze how the concept of paradigm is used in social sciences. Therefore, the aim of the article is not to criticize Cohen's paradigm theory, but to criticize how the concept of paradigm is used in social sciences. In order to achieve this goal, several ...
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The subject of this article is to investigate and analyze how the concept of paradigm is used in social sciences. Therefore, the aim of the article is not to criticize Cohen's paradigm theory, but to criticize how the concept of paradigm is used in social sciences. In order to achieve this goal, several issues have been investigated by using the documentary method and using useful sources and researches: 1) conceptual examination of the word paradigm and its similarities and differences with other terms used in social sciences, 2) Expressing an outline of Thomas Cohen's scientific revolution theory and the place of the concept of paradigm in this theory to compare it with its place in social sciences; 3) Specifying some applications of the concept of paradigm in social sciences and criticizing them.
sajjsd sarboluki
Abstract
Darwin's theory of evolution and Marx's theory of social evolution both had their roots in Western modernity.The main burden of promoting Darwin's thought in Iran during the Pahlavi I era was on the shoulders of Marxists. The approach of Marxists to Darwin's theory of evolution in this period, in addition ...
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Darwin's theory of evolution and Marx's theory of social evolution both had their roots in Western modernity.The main burden of promoting Darwin's thought in Iran during the Pahlavi I era was on the shoulders of Marxists. The approach of Marxists to Darwin's theory of evolution in this period, in addition to the similarities with the Qajar era Iranian thinkers with the theory of evolution, but presented a more accurate biological narrative than Darwin's theory of evolution, for this reason, Marxist Darwinian narratives dominated the intellectual society of Iran for several decades. became. By examining the evolutionary opinions of prominent Iranian Marxist thinkers, while finding out how and why a scientific theory of biology came to the attention of Marxist parties, we will observe the rise and fall of the influence of Marxist evolutionary ideas on the Iranian scientific community.
Mohamad Amin Shafikhani; Hossein Motallebi Korbekandi
Abstract
“Metaverse” is a technological phenomenon that has attracted the special attention of the public and the elite. This new phenomenon, which is based on several new emerging technologies in the fields of information and communication, and which is more near to idea than implementation, has ...
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“Metaverse” is a technological phenomenon that has attracted the special attention of the public and the elite. This new phenomenon, which is based on several new emerging technologies in the fields of information and communication, and which is more near to idea than implementation, has brought several questions about; from questions about the nature of this phenomenon to questions about its various functions and effects. In answer to the question about the nature of metaverse various answers have been given, most of which are technical ones. In this article, we tend to deepen the answer to the question about the nature of metaverse, using the philosophical concept of “Lifeworld” and phenomenological analysis of Edmund Husserl, the eminent German philosopher and with the help of a philosophical approach to this strategic question, we have tried to provide an understanding of the nature of metaverse, not achieved by common technical answers alone. In this, after a technical explanation about the metaverse and a review of its phenomenology literature, we explain our theoretical innovation, and by introducing the metaverse as an "Artificial Lifeworld", explain its contrast with the "Traditional-Natural Lifeworld". at the end, we point out the results of this phenomenological approach to the metaverse and its effect on metaverse policy.
amir hosein shahgoli; faeze eskandary
Abstract
Basics in various sciences have the authority of confirmative principles and subject principles. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of four elements in the plant biology of the Islamic period. This research will be done using the library method based on historical studies with an ...
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Basics in various sciences have the authority of confirmative principles and subject principles. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of four elements in the plant biology of the Islamic period. This research will be done using the library method based on historical studies with an analytical approach. The hypothesis of this research emphasizes that the four elements are the material cause, which has been inference for the first time in this article. The findings obtained from the examination of original historical sources show that there are four elements in two fields of botany, including plant biology and plant conditions. Because four elements are present in a plant and each one has a specific task, it is necessary to analyze the faculties of the plant into four elements (Earth, water, air, & fire) that have four qualities (warmth, coldness, wetness, dryness). Also, the cause for the differences and discrepancies in plants is related to the difference in the composition of four elements in them, and the conditions and parts of plants are also explained based on the four element system.
Narges Fathalian; Ali Reza Mansouri
Abstract
The problem of time's arrow has sparked two distinct metaphysical approaches, each stemming from opposing Humean and non-Humean perspectives on laws of nature. This paper contends that these approaches, despite their differences and inherent challenges, ultimately converge on a common goal: to explain ...
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The problem of time's arrow has sparked two distinct metaphysical approaches, each stemming from opposing Humean and non-Humean perspectives on laws of nature. This paper contends that these approaches, despite their differences and inherent challenges, ultimately converge on a common goal: to explain time's arrow, we must comprehend the structure of spacetime during the universe's early stages. The problem of time's arrow has sparked two distinct metaphysical approaches, each stemming from opposing Humean and non-Humean perspectives on laws of nature. This paper contends that these approaches, despite their differences and inherent challenges, ultimately converge on a common goal: to explain time's arrow, we must comprehend the structure of spacetime during the universe's early stages.
Khadijeh Ghorbani Sisakht; Mohammad hasan Karimi
Abstract
Overshadowed by the leading and well-known theories in the history of philosophy, some of the ideas of philosophers have always been neglected or less considered. The passage of time and the emergence of modern issues reveal new dimensions of such thoughts. Thinkers of this movement claim that transhumanism ...
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Overshadowed by the leading and well-known theories in the history of philosophy, some of the ideas of philosophers have always been neglected or less considered. The passage of time and the emergence of modern issues reveal new dimensions of such thoughts. Thinkers of this movement claim that transhumanism holds deep historical-philosophical roots, and above all, they seek historical aspects of transhumanism in the era of modernism and modern philosophy. In this paper, we examine the evolution of transhumanism in the history of philosophy from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Our results show that there have been many thinkers in the history of philosophy who have firmly believed in the advancement of man through technology, and have combined it with their philosophical ideas. They believed that many aspects of human nature, biology, and culture could be changed, strengthened, or eventually overcome using technology and human ingenuity. Although the capability of science and technology of the time was not such as to allow them to experiment most of their transhumanistic ambitions, put forwarding these ambitions made a historical-philosophical evolutionary trend that transhumanists use today to justify their ideas.
Alireza Monajemi; mostafa shabani
Abstract
Inquiring into the relationship between technology and medicalization, particularly in the fourth wave of medicalization known as Healthism, is of utmost importance. Compared to the other waves of medicalisation, in Healthism, which is predominant and progressive today , biomedical research plays a critical ...
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Inquiring into the relationship between technology and medicalization, particularly in the fourth wave of medicalization known as Healthism, is of utmost importance. Compared to the other waves of medicalisation, in Healthism, which is predominant and progressive today , biomedical research plays a critical role, technology is interwoven with it, and the "disease" that was at the center of the previous three waves is absent hereThese factors mean that all classical theories of medicalisation, such as Peter Conrad's, fail to understand and determine the fundamental role of technologies in healthism. This is because Conrad's account of medicalisation is disease-centric, based on the dualism between humans and technology, and focuses only on macro social, political, and economic processes that make medicalisation possible.This paper argues for the idea that the link between the philosophies of technology and medicine can provide approaches to understanding and analyzing the fourth wave of medicalization.In this paper, Healthism - is examined from a postphenomenological view of the philosophy of technology and based on the case study of self-tracking applications, focusing on technological intentionality and hermeneutic relations. it is argued that Conrad's sociological view is insufficient to determine the role of technologies in the medicalisation procesess and to understand the new wave of medicalsation.It will be shown that postphenomenology can be used to provide new insight into medicalisation and discuss the aspects of medicalisation that have often been disregarded, as post-phenomenology can explicate medicalisation on the level of individual experience from the perspective of the relationship between humans and reality, while also examining the mediating role of technologies in these relationships.
Alireza Mirzaie; Mohammad Ghaderi Zamharir; Yasaman Ghasemi
Abstract
The corona virus is spreading rapidly in the world and people are trying to protect themselves against this virus with all their power. As in the past years, people have considered technology as a solution to get out of this situation and have embraced it. Various screening, prevention and treatment ...
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The corona virus is spreading rapidly in the world and people are trying to protect themselves against this virus with all their power. As in the past years, people have considered technology as a solution to get out of this situation and have embraced it. Various screening, prevention and treatment methods have been developed using technology. Using of digital thermometers, various masks, complete protective clothing such as overalls and ventilators are among the various uses of technology in this regard. The dehumanization of technology is a feature that has been written about and paid attention to in the past. In this article, an attempt has been made to discuss the humanization of technology through the lens of philosophers such as Latour, Feinberg, and Heidegger, and whether it is possible to replace humanizing technologies with dehumanizing technologies in order to improve the doctor-patient relationship in this situation.
Mahmood Vahidnia; Seyed Mohammadhassan Ayatollahzadeh Shirazi
Abstract
This paper provides a critical and comparative study of two versions of scientific structuralism. After a brief introduction, in section 2, we review the key concepts in the long-lasting debate between realism and antirealism in the general philosophy of science; scientific realism is a positive and ...
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This paper provides a critical and comparative study of two versions of scientific structuralism. After a brief introduction, in section 2, we review the key concepts in the long-lasting debate between realism and antirealism in the general philosophy of science; scientific realism is a positive and optimistic epistemic attitude towards scientific theories (and especially the non-observational aspects thereof). Two influential arguments around the above debate are introduced and briefly examined in section 3; the main disagreement between the realist and the antirealist will turn on whether or not the novel predictive success of scientific theories is in need of any explanation (especially through truth). In section 4, focusing on a classic paper by John Worrall, we will see that structural realism has been introduced as a middle and more balanced position in the realism-antirealism dispute: (theoretical) scientific knowledge only concerns the structure of the (unobservable) world. Although Worrall himself was not explicit in this regard, we try to provide a preliminary understanding of his notion of structure. The more elaborate and detailed formulation of Worrall’s structural realism based on Ramseyfication is presented and briefly examined in section 5. Possibly the most well-known threat to structural realism is an objection originally attributed to Max Newman: structuralism trivializes the theoretical (or non-observational) implications of scientific theories. In section 6, we provide an extensive treatment of Newman’s objection, before arguing that structural realism can successfully circumvent it. Bas van Fraassen, who seems to consider Newman’s objection somewhat detrimental to Worrall’s project, advocates an antirealist view called empiricist structuralism. The latter mainly originates from the fact that the vehicles of scientific representation are mathematical models and structures. The motivations for this view along with its differences from scientific realism are reviewed in section 7. In the penultimate section 8, we will note that empiricist structuralism too is not totally immune from trivialization objections of the kind raised by Newman and also Putnam. It is, among other things, these kinds of threats that lead van Fraassen to a nonstructural aspect of scientific representation: perspectivity/indexicality. In our final argument, we intend to show that recognizing such an aspect, though revealing in itself, is NOT sufficient for repelling trivialization threats, unless van Fraassen is willing to sacrifice his long-standing commitment to the literal construal of the language of science. We will end with a brief conclusion.
