Mohammad Mahdi Sadr Forati; Gholam Hossein Moghadam Heidari
Volume 4, Issue 7 , October 2014, , Pages 157-165
Abstract
Allan Franklin is a contemporary physicist and philosopher who take some sort of extremist opinion about the experiments in physics and the position of social constructivism. Proposing a philosophical model, which we call ‘Pragmatist Rationality’, Franklin wants to defend of a kind ...
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Allan Franklin is a contemporary physicist and philosopher who take some sort of extremist opinion about the experiments in physics and the position of social constructivism. Proposing a philosophical model, which we call ‘Pragmatist Rationality’, Franklin wants to defend of a kind of logic of scientific discovery and the possibility of crucial experiments occurring and through which He wants to rebut the contingency thesis which is a vital characteristic of social constructivism. Although he denies that he is proposing a kind of theory of rationality, such theory is evident throughout his works. In this paper we review and evaluate his claims and are going to measure its soundness compared to the contemporary social constructivism theories.
Seyed Saied Mirahmadi
Abstract
Newton considered the dynamical effects exerted upon accelerating bodies (such as the concavity of the surface of the water in Newton’s bucket experiment, etc.) to be caused by their acceleration relative to absolute space. Following Mach’s ideas, Einstein, based on the thought that all motion ...
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Newton considered the dynamical effects exerted upon accelerating bodies (such as the concavity of the surface of the water in Newton’s bucket experiment, etc.) to be caused by their acceleration relative to absolute space. Following Mach’s ideas, Einstein, based on the thought that all motion is relative, knew very well that if he could show that the inertial effects are actually due to the acceleration relative to distant matter instead of absolute space, then he would be able to dispose of the Newtonian concepts of absolute space and motion. There is a widespread belief that the general theory of relativity get rid of the preferred (inertial) frames corresponding to Newtonian absolute space and time. In this article, by examining Einstein’s thought process in creating the general theory of relativity, the claim: despite Einstein’s efforts and contrary to the name of the theory, Mach’s principle in the sense of “relativity of all motion” or “inertial forces are exerted by matter, not by absolute spacetime” is neither included in the principles of the general theory of relativity nor results from it, is confirmed. Therefore, the absolute elements such as “absolute rest and motion”, “absolute acceleration”, “absolute inertial forces” and “absolute spacetime” are yet essentially retained in the general theory of relativity. Due to the epistemological importance of Mach’s principle, the effort to provide an efficient physical theory based on this principle continues.
amir hosein shahgoli; faeze eskandary
Abstract
Basics in various sciences have the authority of confirmative principles and subject principles. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of four elements in the plant biology of the Islamic period. This research will be done using the library method based on historical studies with an ...
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Basics in various sciences have the authority of confirmative principles and subject principles. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of four elements in the plant biology of the Islamic period. This research will be done using the library method based on historical studies with an analytical approach. The hypothesis of this research emphasizes that the four elements are the material cause, which has been inference for the first time in this article. The findings obtained from the examination of original historical sources show that there are four elements in two fields of botany, including plant biology and plant conditions. Because four elements are present in a plant and each one has a specific task, it is necessary to analyze the faculties of the plant into four elements (Earth, water, air, & fire) that have four qualities (warmth, coldness, wetness, dryness). Also, the cause for the differences and discrepancies in plants is related to the difference in the composition of four elements in them, and the conditions and parts of plants are also explained based on the four element system.
Nawab Mogharrebi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 163-180
Abstract
As an independent, serious, and powerful field of human knowledge, till the 1970's, sociology of science was not so paid attention to in philosophers' debates. Early in 1970's however, many philosophers approached to this field of human knowledge in various ways. Since then, great advances and important ...
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As an independent, serious, and powerful field of human knowledge, till the 1970's, sociology of science was not so paid attention to in philosophers' debates. Early in 1970's however, many philosophers approached to this field of human knowledge in various ways. Since then, great advances and important developments have been made in this field. That is why the present article focuses on the sociology of science and tries to represent its main components, building blocks, representatives, and main works done in this field during recent centuries. Sociology of science is a field which has begun to make important exchanges with philosophy. Some issues introduced in the sociology of science have been at stake in the history of science as well. Sociology of science or, to put it more accurately, sociology of human knowledge, however, claims to be a substitute discipline for philosophy of science. The main claim posed in the present article is that what causes scientific events to occur- what causes people to believe some theory instead of some other theory- is actions and reactions of social forces. Science is a social action, and in no era it is relied on individual achievements of scientists. It is not isolated scientists who cause emergence of new eras in science; but rather, scientists are themselves products of debates, resolution of differences, hierarchies, inequalities in power, and other social factors. It goes without saying that emphasis attached to social aspects of science and ignoring the impact of the real structure of the world will be followed by many extremist consequences. In the present article, only main issues in sociology of science will be described; critique of this discipline, however, needs to be made in another article.
vahid gerami; Mohsen Jahed; mahmood rasooli
Abstract
There are two main approaches on evolutionary epistemology: analogical or Spencerian approach, literal or Darwinian approach. In the first approach, one attempts to argue that process of culture and science growth is analogue to main process of organisms growth in biology which based on natural selection; ...
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There are two main approaches on evolutionary epistemology: analogical or Spencerian approach, literal or Darwinian approach. In the first approach, one attempts to argue that process of culture and science growth is analogue to main process of organisms growth in biology which based on natural selection; while in the second approach, one attempts to argue that not only growth and evolution of animals and humans physical body is product and result of natural selection, but also growth of their mind structures is result of natural selection. The main question of this essay is that if the Ruse's claim and his arguments in rejection of analogical approach are strong enough or not. Many thinkers support this approach, including Karl Popper, Kuhn Thomas, Stephen Toulmin, Campbell Donald and David Hull. Ruse believe that although there are analogies between growth of organisms and growth of human knowledge, but there are also significant disanalogies between them which makes analogy between this two fields are weaken, so analogical approach is not defensible by Ruse. We agree with the core of Ruse's claim, that is, the analogical approach in evolutionary epistemology is implausible, but we believe that his arguments in refuting some versions of this approach such as kuhn's version and Camdell's, are failed.
mahdi homazade abyane
Volume 8, Issue 16 , March 2019, , Pages 159-173
Abstract
The paper address one of the most important objections against representational theory of Michael Tye: The inverted earth exam, which is a counterfactual example has proposed by Ned Block to challenge Tye ,s theory on phenomenal mental states.Tye, in contrast, has illustrated two response which are the ...
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The paper address one of the most important objections against representational theory of Michael Tye: The inverted earth exam, which is a counterfactual example has proposed by Ned Block to challenge Tye ,s theory on phenomenal mental states.Tye, in contrast, has illustrated two response which are the main topic of this paper. The first response – according to author ,s arguments – faces with a significant problem; regardless of some peculiar requisites of the theory. The second – final – response, also, can be hit by a counterexample about inverted spectrum proposed by the author.He, finally, concludes that Tye ,s attempts to rescue wide representational theory from the hardship was not successful, and it seems that the above theory should try to find some paths to solve the problem
farzaneh ameri
Abstract
Galenos was a Greek physician, philosopher, and logician one of the most influential people in ancient Greek medicine, and his work was also the basis of medical education and practice in the Islamic world and Europe. Galinus was noted for his mastery of Hippocratic medicine and his practice in medicine. ...
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Galenos was a Greek physician, philosopher, and logician one of the most influential people in ancient Greek medicine, and his work was also the basis of medical education and practice in the Islamic world and Europe. Galinus was noted for his mastery of Hippocratic medicine and his practice in medicine. What distinguishes Galenus from other physicians is his emphasis on being methodical. During his time, three important medical schools were practicing medicine: the companions of experience, the analogy and the trick. The three groups disagreed on medical knowledge, education, and diagnosis and treatment.The problem of the present study was to identify the medical schools of Jalinus and to answer the question of how Jalinos interacted with these schools and what was the Jalinos medical school.Galen used a combination of reason and experience to gain knowledge of medicine and treatment. He believed that different methods of experimentation, experimentation, reasoning and reasoning should be used together in order to know the facts accurately.
Amin Motevallian
Abstract
Theoretical frameworks in Islamic era have an important role in Middle Ages historiographical approaches toward analytical notions such as ‘experience’, ‘Observation’ and ‘theory’. Some historiographers believe that scientific theory in Middle Ages root in Aristotle ...
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Theoretical frameworks in Islamic era have an important role in Middle Ages historiographical approaches toward analytical notions such as ‘experience’, ‘Observation’ and ‘theory’. Some historiographers believe that scientific theory in Middle Ages root in Aristotle philosophy of nature or Islamic texts. Other ones say the most of experiments mentioned in Middle Age’s science are the copy that narrated from Aristotle or Muslims that didn’t observed by writer directly. Grants Idea of Empiricism without Observation is an important and influential one that claims observation we confronted in middle ages texts means nothing than Scientific imagination. He generalized the idea to all discipline of knowledge arise in middle age and presented some cases in confirming his presentism claim. Among this, the alchemy is a notable field that challenges these approaches. In this letter, showed that a controversial case has multiple natures in Islamic alchemy names talismatic experimentalism, face differently with grants idea and challenge it.
Narges Fathalian; Alireza Mansouri
Abstract
Based on everyday experience and conventional understanding, there seems to be a difference between the past and the future, which we call the "arrow of time." There are different explanations for the time arrow, one of them is the thermodynamic arrow. However, the fundamental laws of physics, in particular ...
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Based on everyday experience and conventional understanding, there seems to be a difference between the past and the future, which we call the "arrow of time." There are different explanations for the time arrow, one of them is the thermodynamic arrow. However, the fundamental laws of physics, in particular Newton's laws and statistical mechanics, which we expect to explain the phenomenological laws of thermodynamics, do not show the asymmetry. Boltzmann tried to explain the thermodynamic asymmetry by proposing a "past hypothesis" for the early universe. According to this hypothesis, the early universe was in very special initial conditions. But this proposal encountered with many criticisms. While presenting the philosophical dimensions of the "arrow of time" problem and the critiques of the "past hypothesis", we argue that the assumption of a fundamental "time arrow" assumes that the past hypothesis alone is not sufficient to explain it. And there is a need for a more fundamental explanation that may change our view of space-time structure.
Narges Fathalian; Ali Reza Mansouri
Abstract
The problem of time's arrow has sparked two distinct metaphysical approaches, each stemming from opposing Humean and non-Humean perspectives on laws of nature. This paper contends that these approaches, despite their differences and inherent challenges, ultimately converge on a common goal: to explain ...
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The problem of time's arrow has sparked two distinct metaphysical approaches, each stemming from opposing Humean and non-Humean perspectives on laws of nature. This paper contends that these approaches, despite their differences and inherent challenges, ultimately converge on a common goal: to explain time's arrow, we must comprehend the structure of spacetime during the universe's early stages. The problem of time's arrow has sparked two distinct metaphysical approaches, each stemming from opposing Humean and non-Humean perspectives on laws of nature. This paper contends that these approaches, despite their differences and inherent challenges, ultimately converge on a common goal: to explain time's arrow, we must comprehend the structure of spacetime during the universe's early stages.
Qasem Muhammadi; Farah Ramin
Abstract
With the dramatic advancement in physics and its sub-fields such as cosmology and quantum physics, teleological arguments for the existence of God, especially the fine-tuning argument came to the spotlight in theological discussions. Along with the widespread support for this argument, various challenges ...
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With the dramatic advancement in physics and its sub-fields such as cosmology and quantum physics, teleological arguments for the existence of God, especially the fine-tuning argument came to the spotlight in theological discussions. Along with the widespread support for this argument, various challenges also have been raised against this argument by critics. The measure challenge seems to be of the most promising of these challenges. It calls into question the use of probability calculus in the argument and asserts that the axiom of ‘countable additivity’ has been violated in such probabilities and they are, hence, non-normalizable and illogical. Facing this challenge, two strategies are normally put forward by the proponents of the fine-tuning argument. The first strategy is to accept the challenge and try to circumvent it by normalizing the probabilities. The second strategy depicts non-normalizable probabilities as a usual phenomenon in various sciences such as cosmology and statistical mechanics and as such, considers it a rather justifiable anomaly in probabilities utilized in fine-tuning argument. In this article, in addition to reviewing the measure challenge as well as the two aforementioned strategies, we will discuss and defend a third strategy that has not been widely addressed by the proponents of fine-tuning argument. In this strategy, by raising ontological questions about the measure theory, we argue that the axiom of countable additivity is not a binding axiom and may be forsaken or be replaced by an alternative axiom, namely finite additivity.
seyed ali kalantari; Ruhollah Ebrahimpour Esfahani
Abstract
Moore’s sentences are sentences of the form “p but I don't believe that p” or “p but I believe that not-p”. These sentences might be true, yet they are ‘absurd’ to believe or assert. According to some version of Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness such as ...
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Moore’s sentences are sentences of the form “p but I don't believe that p” or “p but I believe that not-p”. These sentences might be true, yet they are ‘absurd’ to believe or assert. According to some version of Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness such as Higher-Order Thought Theory (HOT), it is claimed that conscious beliefs in Moorean sentences is not possible. Namely, one will become irrational with their conscious beliefs in their set of beliefs. In this paper we will first introduce Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness and will show that How they work. we will then argue that there are at least four criticisms against approaches based on Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness in relation of Moore's Paradox and thus are not tenable. Key words: Moore's paradox, epistemic paradox, rationality, Consciousness, Higher-Order Thought Theory
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Abstract
The spread of Covid 19 disease in early 2020, which quickly became a global epidemic, drastically changed human relationships. The use of quarantine technique to prevent the spread of the disease has sparked much controversy in the areas of public health and social control. It is necessary to be aware ...
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The spread of Covid 19 disease in early 2020, which quickly became a global epidemic, drastically changed human relationships. The use of quarantine technique to prevent the spread of the disease has sparked much controversy in the areas of public health and social control. It is necessary to be aware of these widespread changes and the resulting conflicts, to know the history of the epidemic and its effects in the field of public health and its consequences in changing the political pattern and social control. In this article, we first try to briefly describe the evolution of the concept of pandemics from Greece to the Middle Ages, and show that the dominant method of controlling pandemics was segregation. Then we show how in the fourteenth century the quarantine technique was invented to control epidemics. The invention of this technique was the beginning of the emergence of new knowledge such as statistics and social control. Finally, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, public health became a new object. In fact, urban medicine in the eighteenth century was the continuation and development of the medical-political institution of quarantine in the late Middle Ages, which included the study of places that spread the phenomena of epidemics. In other words, the public health program was introduced as a health regime for the population that required authoritarian medical interventions and controls. .
hadi ghahar
Abstract
یگانهانگاری راسلی، عنوان یکی از جدیدترین نظریههای فلسفه ذهن است. این نظریه مدعی غلبه بر مشکلات نظریههای فیزیکیانگار و دوگانهانگار است. به طور خاص مشکل عمده ...
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یگانهانگاری راسلی، عنوان یکی از جدیدترین نظریههای فلسفه ذهن است. این نظریه مدعی غلبه بر مشکلات نظریههای فیزیکیانگار و دوگانهانگار است. به طور خاص مشکل عمده فیزیکیانگاری، تبیین آگاهی پدیداری است. یکی از مهمترین استدلالهای موجود علیه فیزیکیانگاری استدلال زامبی یا استدلال تصورپذیری است. یگانهانگاری راسلی بر اساس یک فهم هستیشناسانه متفاوت از عالم، مدعی است ویژگیهای درونی (ذاتی) اشیاء فیزیکی که تاکنون مورد غفلت نظریههای فیزیکی واقع شدهاند، منشاء ظهور آگاهی پدیداری است. بر این اساس، یگانهانگاری راسلی مدعی ارائه تبیینی مناسب از آگاهی پدیداری است که با عالم فیزیکی، یکپارچه است. در این مقاله، پس از تقریر دو نظریه فیزیکیانگاری و یگانهانگاری راسلی، نسبت آن دو تااندازهای روشن میشود و نشان داده میشود که تبیینهای فعلی نظریه یگانهانگاری راسلی برای مرزبندی آن با فیزیکیانگاری کافی نیست. همچنین بیان خواهد شد که استدلال تصورپذیری که علیه فیزیکیانگاری طرح شده است علیه یگانهانگاری راسلی (اگر آن را فیزیکیانگار قلمداد کنیم) کار نمیکند.
Khadijeh Ghorbani Sisakht; Mohammad hasan Karimi
Abstract
Overshadowed by the leading and well-known theories in the history of philosophy, some of the ideas of philosophers have always been neglected or less considered. The passage of time and the emergence of modern issues reveal new dimensions of such thoughts. Thinkers of this movement claim that transhumanism ...
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Overshadowed by the leading and well-known theories in the history of philosophy, some of the ideas of philosophers have always been neglected or less considered. The passage of time and the emergence of modern issues reveal new dimensions of such thoughts. Thinkers of this movement claim that transhumanism holds deep historical-philosophical roots, and above all, they seek historical aspects of transhumanism in the era of modernism and modern philosophy. In this paper, we examine the evolution of transhumanism in the history of philosophy from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Our results show that there have been many thinkers in the history of philosophy who have firmly believed in the advancement of man through technology, and have combined it with their philosophical ideas. They believed that many aspects of human nature, biology, and culture could be changed, strengthened, or eventually overcome using technology and human ingenuity. Although the capability of science and technology of the time was not such as to allow them to experiment most of their transhumanistic ambitions, put forwarding these ambitions made a historical-philosophical evolutionary trend that transhumanists use today to justify their ideas.
Alireza Monajemi; Hamidreza Namazi
Abstract
"Medical humanities" seems to be a paradoxical phrase primarily. How these two distinct and separate fileds of knowledge have been linked is due to the problematic state of medicine. In the first part of the article, we will analyze medical humanities based on the controversies in this field, and in ...
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"Medical humanities" seems to be a paradoxical phrase primarily. How these two distinct and separate fileds of knowledge have been linked is due to the problematic state of medicine. In the first part of the article, we will analyze medical humanities based on the controversies in this field, and in the second part, the critical meta-medical studies will be proposed as an alternative to medical humanities.To answer the first question, we have used the controversies studies. The contemporary trend of medical humanities began with the critique of modern medicine in the late sixties and early seventies, which was concerned with the growing development of biomedical sciences and dehumanization of medicine. The pioneers in this field found a solution that could be linking the humanities to the field of medicine. The medical humanities has established by reforming the curricula of many medical schools , and gradually expanded to clinical research and clinical practice.A careful review and analysis of medical humanities literature identified five main issues in surface layer: broad and different conceptions and definitions, discipline vs. field, multidisciplinary vs. interdisciplinary, medical humanities vs. health humanities, classical humanities vs. critical humanities and medical humanities vs. medical philosophy.In the final analysis in the deep layer, two elements can be distinguished: one is dichotomies and the other is drives or processes. Dichotomies can be classified into several general groups: methodological (instrumental-critical and concrete-integrated), epustemological (natural sciences-humanities, specialist-commoners), ontological (human-human sciences, art-science) and praxiological (health vs. clinical, care vs. cure). In the case of drives or processes, we can mention medicaliztion, bureaucratization, technicalization, ethicization, scientificization, specialization, individualization. But as we mentioned in the final analysis, both approaches has suffered from serious limitations.In the second part of the article, two questions will be addressed: What is the defensible critical approach in medical / health sciences and what are the proposed critical meta-medical studies as an alternative to medical / health sciences? Modern medicine and humanities and social sciences have the same origins, and therefore sociology, psychology, etc., as medical humanities, cannot humanize medicine. Hence, a critical theory should be considered that critiques both social sciences and medicine at the same time; Like Foucault, Gadamer and Habermas.Critical meta-medical studies, such as the cross-disciplinary umbrella, pay attention to the fundamental questions of medicine and, of course, inforce the discipline to a critical appraoch, both among themselves and towards the goal of medicine.
mehdi moinzadeh
Abstract
We Know that during second half of 19th century and first half of 20th century mathematical-natural sciences impressively developed in Germany and scientists as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, Haber, Helmholtz ,… presented their most important works and theories in this period. At the same time ...
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We Know that during second half of 19th century and first half of 20th century mathematical-natural sciences impressively developed in Germany and scientists as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, Haber, Helmholtz ,… presented their most important works and theories in this period. At the same time , Jaspers ,in the second decade of 20th century, claimed that German " Wissenschaft " is distinct from science. Wissenschaft for him, is concerned with the totality of life, culture, literature, history ,Arts, ethics and etc.In this article we will try to establish that the German understanding of science is grounded in concepts of historicism, historicity and bildung (culture ,education,…). These concepts of course are heritages of German Romanticism
Alireza Monajemi
Abstract
The unpreparedness to deal with the Corona pandemic and the inadequacy of interventionsand measures to control that world has created a critical situation. In this article based onbiopolitical analytics, I want to show why we stand at this point and that unpreparednessand inadequacy have rooted in the ...
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The unpreparedness to deal with the Corona pandemic and the inadequacy of interventionsand measures to control that world has created a critical situation. In this article based onbiopolitical analytics, I want to show why we stand at this point and that unpreparednessand inadequacy have rooted in the structure of the epidemic (objects, sciences, andinstitutions). In this analysis, I will focus on the objects, sciences and institutions related tothe structure of the epidemic and scrutinize how the structure of the epidemic has causedinvisibility of objects such as the city, citizenship and society, which has led to thehiddenness of the related sciences and institutions. Medicalization of the health and thepriority of epidemiology have been the result of this historical process. It seems that therevival of urban medicine and serious attention to health humanities as a potential linkbetween biomedical sciences, politics and society can open up new horizons.
Mahdi Kafaee; Elahe Daviran; Mostafa Taqavi
Abstract
Society is the origin of technology and its development. On the other hand, technology has special social effects. Generally, the relationship between society and technology is mutual. Awareness of this relationship is necessary for engineering design. Nonetheless, due attention is not paid to this issue ...
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Society is the origin of technology and its development. On the other hand, technology has special social effects. Generally, the relationship between society and technology is mutual. Awareness of this relationship is necessary for engineering design. Nonetheless, due attention is not paid to this issue in textbooks and teaching procedures. In this paper, the mutual relationship between society and technology is concretely delineated with the typewriter's historical case study. Sometimes one agent (society or technology) affects another, changes it and then gets affected itself by the resulting change. Also, the effects are not limited to change and an agent can prevent changes in another. In addition, it is observed that in the co-constructing path of agents, rationality is not the only criterion for technological development and is not justifying the phenomena. For example, optimization of technology can be stopped or deviated by society or social agents.
Alireza Monajemi; mostafa shabani
Abstract
Inquiring into the relationship between technology and medicalization, particularly in the fourth wave of medicalization known as Healthism, is of utmost importance. Compared to the other waves of medicalisation, in Healthism, which is predominant and progressive today , biomedical research plays a critical ...
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Inquiring into the relationship between technology and medicalization, particularly in the fourth wave of medicalization known as Healthism, is of utmost importance. Compared to the other waves of medicalisation, in Healthism, which is predominant and progressive today , biomedical research plays a critical role, technology is interwoven with it, and the "disease" that was at the center of the previous three waves is absent hereThese factors mean that all classical theories of medicalisation, such as Peter Conrad's, fail to understand and determine the fundamental role of technologies in healthism. This is because Conrad's account of medicalisation is disease-centric, based on the dualism between humans and technology, and focuses only on macro social, political, and economic processes that make medicalisation possible.This paper argues for the idea that the link between the philosophies of technology and medicine can provide approaches to understanding and analyzing the fourth wave of medicalization.In this paper, Healthism - is examined from a postphenomenological view of the philosophy of technology and based on the case study of self-tracking applications, focusing on technological intentionality and hermeneutic relations. it is argued that Conrad's sociological view is insufficient to determine the role of technologies in the medicalisation procesess and to understand the new wave of medicalsation.It will be shown that postphenomenology can be used to provide new insight into medicalisation and discuss the aspects of medicalisation that have often been disregarded, as post-phenomenology can explicate medicalisation on the level of individual experience from the perspective of the relationship between humans and reality, while also examining the mediating role of technologies in these relationships.
reza niroomand; hamid fadishaei; elham mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Deep learning technology, philosophical challenges and approaches AbstractThe unprecedented human’s advancement in generating and storing piles of data, and exploiting such large amounts of data for building reasoning machines has manifested as a technology known as “deep learning”. ...
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Deep learning technology, philosophical challenges and approaches AbstractThe unprecedented human’s advancement in generating and storing piles of data, and exploiting such large amounts of data for building reasoning machines has manifested as a technology known as “deep learning”. This technology is inspired by the brain’s connectivity structure and is empowered by deep artificial neural networks. In spite of numerous benefits offered by their great power in reasoning like experts or creating things like skillful people, this technology imposes some ethical challenges to human’s life. This article tries to present the ethical challenges of deep learning technology that threaten humanity and tries to address them by employing a rational-philosophical approach. Although deep learning technology imposes several ethical challenges on our lives, it is still possible to benefit from big data without sacrificing our ethical values provided we gain awareness about and preparation against such challenges.KeywordsMachine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Neural Networks, Information ethics, philosophical challenge
Hadi Montazeri Moghaddam
Abstract
Scientific society, like any other society, is constituted of social struc-ture. to identify that is to identify the historical evolution of science, the structure of science, etc. in this regard, another key component of Scien-tific society is the norms of science, which is the most fundamental value ...
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Scientific society, like any other society, is constituted of social struc-ture. to identify that is to identify the historical evolution of science, the structure of science, etc. in this regard, another key component of Scien-tific society is the norms of science, which is the most fundamental value that governs scientific society. Norms in science are important because some believe that they describe behavior in scientific society. There are different approaches to the norm’s role in science. The two most important theories are two theories that Karl Popper and David Bloor have put forward: 1- norms in science are social conviction. (Bloor, 1999) 2- The norms in science are abstract and Platonic. (Popper, 1972) In this article, in addition to a general description of Popper's and Bloor's theories, I will examine the criticisms that have been made by Popper's defenders on Bloor.
Saba Mirikermanshahi; Negin Nouraei; Mehdi Azadibadrbani
Abstract
In modern medicine, paraclinical findings carry out a major role in the process of diagnosis and treatment and physician decisions are largely made with the help of these findings.The expansion of these technologies has diminished the role of physician-patient dialogue, which is necessary for clinical ...
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In modern medicine, paraclinical findings carry out a major role in the process of diagnosis and treatment and physician decisions are largely made with the help of these findings.The expansion of these technologies has diminished the role of physician-patient dialogue, which is necessary for clinical practice. However, medicine is fundamentally a hermeneutical process that requires a common understanding between the physician and patient, which takes place in the context of clinical encounter, and therefore para-clinical findings will in no way replace the conversation with the patient; therefore, the importance of paying attention to hermeneutics in medicine is understandable.This article, as well as presenting an explanation of Gadamer's hermeneutics, analyses the process of understanding from Gadamer's point of view and argues that the hermeneutical reading of medicine, as Gadamer intends, requires attention to the Aristotelian concept of phronesis.Since empathy is necessary to achieve a common understanding, or, in Gadamer's words, a “fusion of horizons of understanding”, this article goes on to discuss empathy and introduce some of common definitions of empathy in medicine.Finally, by criticizing the common approaches to empathy, presents a phenomenological understanding of empathy by employing Lou Agosta's interpretations, and considers empathy not only as a tool to increase patient satisfaction with the physician, but also by emphasizing on conceptual fusion of hermeneutics and empathy, considers empathy as a critical and basic condition for achieving common understanding in the clinical dialogue process.
Hadi Samadi; Ahmad reza Moradian
Abstract
Disparate and competitive theories have been proposed to explain cultural evolution, which one of the most known ones is the Memetic theory. Present article claims that proposed theories such as Memetics represent part of the culture to make them discernible by using analogies. It should be noted that ...
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Disparate and competitive theories have been proposed to explain cultural evolution, which one of the most known ones is the Memetic theory. Present article claims that proposed theories such as Memetics represent part of the culture to make them discernible by using analogies. It should be noted that any model including Memetic has been generated by abstraction and idealization and these models are not also necessary in the form of propositions, hence one should not expect such theories to be true. Two reasons are noted in this regard. Firstly, idealization is associated with distance from the truth. Secondly, only propositions are truth-bearer. In the present article, Memetics has been selected from the theories of cultural evolution as a case study, which has been tried to introduce the critiques of its opponents and rejoinders of its defenders. As a result, it is highlighted that culture is highly complex to be lonely explained by an explanatory model. Moreover, no model including Memetics could however, lonely claim for exclusive explanation of culture and the combination of a set of explanatory patterns would pave the way for a better understanding of it.
Alireza Mirzaie; Mohammad Ghaderi Zamharir; Yasaman Ghasemi
Abstract
The corona virus is spreading rapidly in the world and people are trying to protect themselves against this virus with all their power. As in the past years, people have considered technology as a solution to get out of this situation and have embraced it. Various screening, prevention and treatment ...
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The corona virus is spreading rapidly in the world and people are trying to protect themselves against this virus with all their power. As in the past years, people have considered technology as a solution to get out of this situation and have embraced it. Various screening, prevention and treatment methods have been developed using technology. Using of digital thermometers, various masks, complete protective clothing such as overalls and ventilators are among the various uses of technology in this regard. The dehumanization of technology is a feature that has been written about and paid attention to in the past. In this article, an attempt has been made to discuss the humanization of technology through the lens of philosophers such as Latour, Feinberg, and Heidegger, and whether it is possible to replace humanizing technologies with dehumanizing technologies in order to improve the doctor-patient relationship in this situation.
