Philosophy of Science

Abstract Habermas is a theorist who is active in the framework of critical theory and he has, in his intellectual life, combated against different dominations, particularly against the intellectual domination which intangibly dominates people. Among his most important goals in his methodology and philosophy was critique of scientism and positivistic attitude that were trying to spread quantitative and technological views in all facets of human life. Habermas for this purpose developed and analyzed the doctrine of "knowledge-constitutive interest". In the next period of his intellectual life, he introduced the theory of "Communicative rationality" to make transparent his philosophy, and thereby to give emphasis on the efficiency of reason in the mutual understanding pattern. Habermas renewed his previous ideas, such as his theory of truth, to overcome criticisms against him. The aforementioned points are discussed in this article along with his important epistemological and philosophical views.

Abstract Although Popper admits that in arriving at some of his proposals, he has been guided by value judgments and predilections, according to his own statements, it does not mean that he has made the same mistake of which he has accused the positivists through discussing the role of value-judgments in popper’s philosophy of science, It is argued here that value judgment’s influence on popper’s scientific methodology is further than his own admission. It seems to me, there are two important points in Popperian methodology, which are open to influx of values: the conventionalizing process of methodological rules; and the decision making process of basic statements. Upon the analyses of these two processes, following conclusions are drawn out that ‘scientists qua scientist make value-judgment’, and ‘Popper as a philosopher of science, makes value-judgment’.

Abstract There are several approaches to the concept of "Filed" in the classical theory of Electromagnetism; Operationalism and Realism are two important strategies in this regard. I this paper the Realistic view of Marc Lang is introduced as well as the empiricist views of Carnap and Bridgman. Lang in his famous book "An Introduction to the Philosophy of Physics" suggests two essential questions about "action at distance" and "reality of fields" and after a proper discussion conclude that the Classical Physics is not capable of dissolving the problems relating the locality and the ontology of energy and field, and it is the mission of the Special Theory of Relativity.

Abstract Believing in a human will independent ‘essence’ for technology, will have far reaching implications for a thinker’s whole reflections on technology. Heidegger belongs to the camp of philosophers (so called ‘essentialists’) that believe in a such essence Until achieving to the ultimate aim of his thinking about technology – getting rid of Gestell – Heidegger continues to emphasize on this essence. In this essay I at first will try to correspond the reasons that Heidegger holds in favor of attaining a essence by technology with medical technology. Then I will discuss those critical standpoints with which Heidegger’s view could be confronted them.

Abstract Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy. The following essay describes the principles and methods of Descartes.

Abstract One of the philosophical reflections on medicine is philosophy of science approach. Among several branches and schools in philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn has more impact on medical philosophy. Based on the Kuhnian approach, it is proposed that modern medicine is a paradigm and at the present time it is facing a serious crisis. Two signs of this crisis are popularity of alternative medicine and spark off philosophical debate in medical society. In this article, I try to challenge this claim by asking four fundamental questions. According to the essence of medicine and the role of medicine in modern times, it is proposed that medicine does not fit well with the Kuhnian definition of paradigm. Medicine in its essence is much more a practice and the concept of paradigm is closer to biomedical science than medicine.

Abstract In this Paper, Measurement Problem as one of the main dissociations of Quantum Mechanics from Classical Mechanics is discussed. By giving a brief overview of the theoretical models for solving this problem, we emphasize on philosophical considerations involved in choosing the best one.