Hassan Amiriara; Amirehsan Karbasizadeh
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, Pages 1-25
Abstract
1967, “time and physical” geometry, discussion about implications of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) for the debate between Static vs. Dynamic models of temporal reality became serious in contemporary philosophy of time. In this article, Putnam provided an argument in favor of Static ...
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1967, “time and physical” geometry, discussion about implications of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) for the debate between Static vs. Dynamic models of temporal reality became serious in contemporary philosophy of time. In this article, Putnam provided an argument in favor of Static model by assuming the STR. By virtue of the STR, he assumed that the relation of simultaneity between events is a non-transitive relation. For this reason, some philosophers (e.g. Bourn 2006 and Craig 2008) have tried to defend the Dynamic model through defending a privilege frame of reference (and so, a transitive relation of simultaneity) in relativistic setting. In this paper, by distinguishing between weak static model and strong static model I will try to argue that why assuming a privileged frame of reference, even if exists, could not have any advantage for advocates of the dynamic m
elahe soroush; Alireza Monajemi
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, Pages 27-58
Abstract
In today’s world, technology plays an important and crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Medical Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems are only subsets of the technologies which try to provide automated decision aids for physicians and clinicians. Their goal is to diagnose the illness ...
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In today’s world, technology plays an important and crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Medical Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems are only subsets of the technologies which try to provide automated decision aids for physicians and clinicians. Their goal is to diagnose the illness and make treatment recommendations. MYClN and INTERNIST-I are among the earliest developed expert systems. However, despite the fact that several of these medical systems have achieved high levels of performance, hardly any has progressed from the research laboratory into practical use. But because of overpromising and failing to deliver them, in artificial intelligence researches face toreduced funding and interest. One of the major reason of these failures is inadequate attention and studies about epistemological considerations. In this paper we are looking for some epistemological obstacles which prevent AI from being successful in medicine. To do so we first briefly introduce cognition errors in medicine which motivate using AI in this field, then review several implemented medical AI systems and finally we discuss epistemological reasons which leads to failure of AI in medicine. These reasons are incorrect hypotheses about nature of knowledge, separating knowledge from decision strategies, inadequate consideration to tacit knowledge and separating knowledge from its context.
Masoud Zia Ali Nasab Pour
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, Pages 59-83
Abstract
In this paper I will examine Ichikawa & Jarvis’s model (2011) as an imagination-based model for the explanation of acquiring modal knowledge (or possibility of such knowledge). After defining coherent imagination, Ichikawa & Jarvis claim that while we cannot find out about metaphysical ...
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In this paper I will examine Ichikawa & Jarvis’s model (2011) as an imagination-based model for the explanation of acquiring modal knowledge (or possibility of such knowledge). After defining coherent imagination, Ichikawa & Jarvis claim that while we cannot find out about metaphysical possibility with imagination, we can reach another kind of possibility, i.e. conceptual possibility. To explain which proposition is conceptually possible, they use the notion of “conceptual entailment”; a proposition is conceptually possible if it doesn’t conceptually entail an absurdity. Ichikawa & Jarvis show that conceptual possibility and coherent imagination is coextensive, so if we can coherently imagine a proposition, it is conceptually possible. Ichikawa & Jarvis, then, propose a model for the relation between conceptual and metaphysical modality: If proposition P conceptually entails that a proposition, which is not in fact true, is true in the actual world, then P is metaphysically impossible. In this paper after presenting Ichikawa & Jarvis’s model, I will argue that their model is incaple of providing an explanation for acquiring modal knowledge (or possibility of such knowledge) by imagination.
Ali Kavousi-rahim; Reza Kouhkan
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, Pages 85-104
Abstract
Philosophy of science is the study of methods, assumptions and implications of science, while in this expression, the word “science” has attributed to physics, chemistry, biology, etc generally. Such attribution arises from a positivist point of view, in which traditional sciences such as ...
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Philosophy of science is the study of methods, assumptions and implications of science, while in this expression, the word “science” has attributed to physics, chemistry, biology, etc generally. Such attribution arises from a positivist point of view, in which traditional sciences such as alchemy has been ignored. Avoiding this presentism, the aim of present study is to investigate the foundations of alchemy of Hassan ibn Zāhed Kermāni, Persian alchemist of 8th/14th century. In spite of containing reasonable and coherent alchemical thought, his three alchemical compilations have been remained unknown yet. Identification of alchemy as the mesocosm (middle universe) is principal in his thought and specifically, appliance of this nomenclature formed his alchemy`s framework. In this article, first, we`ve presented some evidences from Islamic literature, other than Kermāni`s writings, implying the concept of middle being. Then we conducted a hermeneutic approach in which Kermāni`s text is used to interpret his four reasons for knowing alchemy as the mesocosm. In his opinion, alchemy has throughout homologies with mankind as the microcosm and also with macrocosm of the universe. Finally it is demonstrated that correlations between these tripartite configuration of Kermāni`s alchemical ontology, all are based on properties of four classical elements including earth, water, air and fire. In other word, role-playing of four elements within all these three realms validates the correspondence between them.
Mehdi Golshani; Mortaza Khatiri Yanehsari
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, Pages 105-132
Abstract
The vision of most scientist and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century was empiricism. They gave more importance to observable experiences and phenomena, and the only valid criterion for them was observability of quantities. Although this view contributed to some advances in the twentieth ...
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The vision of most scientist and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century was empiricism. They gave more importance to observable experiences and phenomena, and the only valid criterion for them was observability of quantities. Although this view contributed to some advances in the twentieth century, but its drawbacks and misunderstandings caused some proponents of this school to criticize it and to become against it. In this paper, the views of some of the most prominent contemporary physicists, who themselves became one of the followers of this school, is reviewed. We have also mentioned some of the great physicists who pointed out the most important criticisms agaist this school. Furthermore, we have explained the reasons for changing the view of physicists in line with positivism, based on logical criteria and philosophical reasoning. In the end, we look at the views of some of the contemporary physicists who have opposed positivism or have gone through positivism to deny the existence of God.
saeid masoumi
Volume 7, Issue 14 , April 2018, Pages 133-156
Abstract
The most important argument against scientific realism is pessimistic meta –induction. One of the main task of scientific realists is to make an effective rebuttal to this argument. In this paper we formulate a form of the argument, then consider the most important rebuttal that make against it, ...
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The most important argument against scientific realism is pessimistic meta –induction. One of the main task of scientific realists is to make an effective rebuttal to this argument. In this paper we formulate a form of the argument, then consider the most important rebuttal that make against it, concisely. Our claim is that the structural realism rebuttal is the most acceptable one, but its thesis, which is that what is preserve in the theory change is structure and science just represent the structural relations in the world, must be evaluated by considering scientific theories case by case in all scientific domain, such as physics , biology, chemistry, etc
