Ali Paya; alireza mansouri
Volume 8, Issue 16 , Winter and Spring 2019, , Pages 131-158
Abstract
There is a significant conceptual difference between science and technology. Epistemologically, the so-called 'applied science' is a redundant concept; it can be included under the category of technology. In this paper we discuss, from a philosophical point of view, some of the reasons for the conflation ...
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There is a significant conceptual difference between science and technology. Epistemologically, the so-called 'applied science' is a redundant concept; it can be included under the category of technology. In this paper we discuss, from a philosophical point of view, some of the reasons for the conflation of science and technology. We shall further argue that such a conflation is not only an epistemological mistake, it also has many undesirable conceptual and practical consequences which impact on epistemological investigations as well as policy making in the fields of science and technology.There is a significant conceptual difference between science and technology. Epistemologically, the so-called 'applied science' is a redundant concept; it can be included under the category of technology. In this paper we discuss, from a philosophical point of view, some of the reasons for the conflation of science and technology. We shall further argue that such a conflation is not only an epistemological mistake, it also has many undesirable conceptual and practical consequences which impact on epistemological investigations as well as policy making in the fields of science and technology
Ali Reza Mansouri
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Summer and Autumn 2011, , Pages 137-160
Abstract
In this Paper, Measurement Problem as one of the main dissociations of Quantum Mechanics from Classical Mechanics is discussed. By giving a brief overview of the theoretical models for solving this problem, we emphasize on philosophical considerations involved in choosing the best one.
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In this Paper, Measurement Problem as one of the main dissociations of Quantum Mechanics from Classical Mechanics is discussed. By giving a brief overview of the theoretical models for solving this problem, we emphasize on philosophical considerations involved in choosing the best one.
Alireza Monajemi
Abstract
In “Birth of the Clinic” Foucault's shows that it was not the natural sciences but the clinical medicine that laid the foundation for the humanities. At the end of the book The Birth of the Clinic, he argues that the humanities are based on modern clinical medicine. The importance of medical ...
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In “Birth of the Clinic” Foucault's shows that it was not the natural sciences but the clinical medicine that laid the foundation for the humanities. At the end of the book The Birth of the Clinic, he argues that the humanities are based on modern clinical medicine. The importance of medical science in the founding of the humanities, he says, is not purely methodological because human existence is defined or perceived as the object of positive science. Of course, Foucault does not make more of his claim and does not expand it. In this article I will try to show how this claim can be defended on the basis of his formulation of clinical medicine, and what implications it will have for the humanities.In order to understand comprehensively the thesis medicine should be framed based on the views of medical philosophers. Without these arrangements, it would be difficult to understand Foucault's claim. It seems that not only he has suspended implicitly or neglected many of philosophical issues of medicine in the Birth of the Clinic, but also his interpreters were unfamiliar with the tradition of medical philosophy. First, I'm trying to show that medicine is a different mode of thinking than the natural sciences, if that were not the case, Foucault's claim would be so trivial: human being has been transformed to the object by medicine, and it was then that the founding of the human sciences was inspired by the natural sciences, which is a mistaken belief. This section will be based on the views of Ludwig Falk on the serious differences between medical thinking and the natural sciences. I describe the structure of clinical medicine and its various disciplines and their interaction. In this is based on Kazem Sadeghzadeh ideas. In the next section, I will attempt to show how Foucault has formulated modern clinical medicine and its evolution in the form of three-level spatialization. In the final chapter, I will show how Foucault's formulation of clinical medicine can form the basis of the humanities. Thus this article appears to be an attempt to link the philosophy of medicine and the philosophy of the humanities through a new reading of the Birth of a Clinic
reza sadeqi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , Summer and Autumn 2015, , Pages 143-161
Abstract
According to the logical empiricists, the received view, a scientific theory is a set of propositions formalized in first-order logic. According to the rival view, semantic or non-propositional view, it is a set of models. In this article, I will argue that the received view cannot suggest an ...
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According to the logical empiricists, the received view, a scientific theory is a set of propositions formalized in first-order logic. According to the rival view, semantic or non-propositional view, it is a set of models. In this article, I will argue that the received view cannot suggest an acceptable model for identifying the generalized forces in classical mechanics. In the second section, the invariance of Lagrange equations and its consequences are discussed. Besides, I show that the invariance implies that alike physical magnitudes will be different dimensionally. The third section firstly introduces the last version of the received view. After that, it is argued that Lagrangian mechanics formalized in this view cannot identify alike physical magnitudes similarly. In the last section, the semantic view of Suppes-Sneed and Lagrangian mechanics in this view are introduced. Finally, I show that this view can identify alike physical magnitudes similarly.
farzaneh ameri
Abstract
Galenos was a Greek physician, philosopher, and logician one of the most influential people in ancient Greek medicine, and his work was also the basis of medical education and practice in the Islamic world and Europe. Galinus was noted for his mastery of Hippocratic medicine and his practice in medicine. ...
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Galenos was a Greek physician, philosopher, and logician one of the most influential people in ancient Greek medicine, and his work was also the basis of medical education and practice in the Islamic world and Europe. Galinus was noted for his mastery of Hippocratic medicine and his practice in medicine. What distinguishes Galenus from other physicians is his emphasis on being methodical. During his time, three important medical schools were practicing medicine: the companions of experience, the analogy and the trick. The three groups disagreed on medical knowledge, education, and diagnosis and treatment.The problem of the present study was to identify the medical schools of Jalinus and to answer the question of how Jalinos interacted with these schools and what was the Jalinos medical school.Galen used a combination of reason and experience to gain knowledge of medicine and treatment. He believed that different methods of experimentation, experimentation, reasoning and reasoning should be used together in order to know the facts accurately.
Esfandiar ghafari nasab; Ali Akbari; Ali Asghar Nazari
Abstract
The present study will investigate some thoughts of Habermas, German sociologist and philosopher, which in Persian texts, less attention has been paid to it. One of the main aims of his research program has been approximating knowledge and life or Life-world, and this article attempts to present a systematic ...
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The present study will investigate some thoughts of Habermas, German sociologist and philosopher, which in Persian texts, less attention has been paid to it. One of the main aims of his research program has been approximating knowledge and life or Life-world, and this article attempts to present a systematic review of this effort of Habermas and his intellectual confrontations with other philosophical-social disciplines. The concept “Quasi-transcendental” plays a key role in this regard and it converts the Cartesian knowledge from the transcendental subject into a historical process arisen from the practical necessities. Therefore, this article has tried to clarify the meaning, roots, and functions of this concept. Accordingly, two books have a crucial stall: Knowledge and Human Interests and The Theory of Communicative Action. The findings show that: 1. the questions that Habermas in his book seek to answers in fact are the questions of Kant: (the common conditions of recognition possibility) 2. Quasi-transcendental interests are rooted in human life, which is a fundamental change in critical theories. 3. Habermas's epistemology seeks to revive the values of enlightenment and liberation from domination. 4. Habermas enters into debate with other intellectual disciplines through the formation of cognitive interests (transcendence of the Frankfurt School, a critique of postmodernism, and other philosophical disciplines).
Mohammad Mahdi Sadr Forati; Gholam Hossein Moghadam Heidari
Volume 4, Issue 7 , Summer and Autumn 2014, , Pages 157-165
Abstract
Allan Franklin is a contemporary physicist and philosopher who take some sort of extremist opinion about the experiments in physics and the position of social constructivism. Proposing a philosophical model, which we call ‘Pragmatist Rationality’, Franklin wants to defend of a kind ...
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Allan Franklin is a contemporary physicist and philosopher who take some sort of extremist opinion about the experiments in physics and the position of social constructivism. Proposing a philosophical model, which we call ‘Pragmatist Rationality’, Franklin wants to defend of a kind of logic of scientific discovery and the possibility of crucial experiments occurring and through which He wants to rebut the contingency thesis which is a vital characteristic of social constructivism. Although he denies that he is proposing a kind of theory of rationality, such theory is evident throughout his works. In this paper we review and evaluate his claims and are going to measure its soundness compared to the contemporary social constructivism theories.
Nawab Mogharrebi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2012, , Pages 163-180
Abstract
As an independent, serious, and powerful field of human knowledge, till the 1970's, sociology of science was not so paid attention to in philosophers' debates. Early in 1970's however, many philosophers approached to this field of human knowledge in various ways. Since then, great advances and important ...
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As an independent, serious, and powerful field of human knowledge, till the 1970's, sociology of science was not so paid attention to in philosophers' debates. Early in 1970's however, many philosophers approached to this field of human knowledge in various ways. Since then, great advances and important developments have been made in this field. That is why the present article focuses on the sociology of science and tries to represent its main components, building blocks, representatives, and main works done in this field during recent centuries. Sociology of science is a field which has begun to make important exchanges with philosophy. Some issues introduced in the sociology of science have been at stake in the history of science as well. Sociology of science or, to put it more accurately, sociology of human knowledge, however, claims to be a substitute discipline for philosophy of science. The main claim posed in the present article is that what causes scientific events to occur- what causes people to believe some theory instead of some other theory- is actions and reactions of social forces. Science is a social action, and in no era it is relied on individual achievements of scientists. It is not isolated scientists who cause emergence of new eras in science; but rather, scientists are themselves products of debates, resolution of differences, hierarchies, inequalities in power, and other social factors. It goes without saying that emphasis attached to social aspects of science and ignoring the impact of the real structure of the world will be followed by many extremist consequences. In the present article, only main issues in sociology of science will be described; critique of this discipline, however, needs to be made in another article.
vahid gerami; Mohsen Jahed; mahmood rasooli
Abstract
There are two main approaches on evolutionary epistemology: analogical or Spencerian approach, literal or Darwinian approach. In the first approach, one attempts to argue that process of culture and science growth is analogue to main process of organisms growth in biology which based on natural selection; ...
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There are two main approaches on evolutionary epistemology: analogical or Spencerian approach, literal or Darwinian approach. In the first approach, one attempts to argue that process of culture and science growth is analogue to main process of organisms growth in biology which based on natural selection; while in the second approach, one attempts to argue that not only growth and evolution of animals and humans physical body is product and result of natural selection, but also growth of their mind structures is result of natural selection. The main question of this essay is that if the Ruse's claim and his arguments in rejection of analogical approach are strong enough or not. Many thinkers support this approach, including Karl Popper, Kuhn Thomas, Stephen Toulmin, Campbell Donald and David Hull. Ruse believe that although there are analogies between growth of organisms and growth of human knowledge, but there are also significant disanalogies between them which makes analogy between this two fields are weaken, so analogical approach is not defensible by Ruse. We agree with the core of Ruse's claim, that is, the analogical approach in evolutionary epistemology is implausible, but we believe that his arguments in refuting some versions of this approach such as kuhn's version and Camdell's, are failed.
mahdi homazade abyane
Volume 8, Issue 16 , Winter and Spring 2019, , Pages 159-173
Abstract
The paper address one of the most important objections against representational theory of Michael Tye: The inverted earth exam, which is a counterfactual example has proposed by Ned Block to challenge Tye ,s theory on phenomenal mental states.Tye, in contrast, has illustrated two response which are the ...
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The paper address one of the most important objections against representational theory of Michael Tye: The inverted earth exam, which is a counterfactual example has proposed by Ned Block to challenge Tye ,s theory on phenomenal mental states.Tye, in contrast, has illustrated two response which are the main topic of this paper. The first response – according to author ,s arguments – faces with a significant problem; regardless of some peculiar requisites of the theory. The second – final – response, also, can be hit by a counterexample about inverted spectrum proposed by the author.He, finally, concludes that Tye ,s attempts to rescue wide representational theory from the hardship was not successful, and it seems that the above theory should try to find some paths to solve the problem
seyed ali kalantari; Ruhollah Ebrahimpour Esfahani
Abstract
Moore’s sentences are sentences of the form “p but I don't believe that p” or “p but I believe that not-p”. These sentences might be true, yet they are ‘absurd’ to believe or assert. According to some version of Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness such as ...
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Moore’s sentences are sentences of the form “p but I don't believe that p” or “p but I believe that not-p”. These sentences might be true, yet they are ‘absurd’ to believe or assert. According to some version of Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness such as Higher-Order Thought Theory (HOT), it is claimed that conscious beliefs in Moorean sentences is not possible. Namely, one will become irrational with their conscious beliefs in their set of beliefs. In this paper we will first introduce Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness and will show that How they work. we will then argue that there are at least four criticisms against approaches based on Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness in relation of Moore's Paradox and thus are not tenable. Key words: Moore's paradox, epistemic paradox, rationality, Consciousness, Higher-Order Thought Theory
Narges Fathalian; Alireza Mansouri
Abstract
Based on everyday experience and conventional understanding, there seems to be a difference between the past and the future, which we call the "arrow of time." There are different explanations for the time arrow, one of them is the thermodynamic arrow. However, the fundamental laws of physics, in particular ...
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Based on everyday experience and conventional understanding, there seems to be a difference between the past and the future, which we call the "arrow of time." There are different explanations for the time arrow, one of them is the thermodynamic arrow. However, the fundamental laws of physics, in particular Newton's laws and statistical mechanics, which we expect to explain the phenomenological laws of thermodynamics, do not show the asymmetry. Boltzmann tried to explain the thermodynamic asymmetry by proposing a "past hypothesis" for the early universe. According to this hypothesis, the early universe was in very special initial conditions. But this proposal encountered with many criticisms. While presenting the philosophical dimensions of the "arrow of time" problem and the critiques of the "past hypothesis", we argue that the assumption of a fundamental "time arrow" assumes that the past hypothesis alone is not sufficient to explain it. And there is a need for a more fundamental explanation that may change our view of space-time structure.
mehdi moinzadeh
Abstract
We Know that during second half of 19th century and first half of 20th century mathematical-natural sciences impressively developed in Germany and scientists as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, Haber, Helmholtz ,… presented their most important works and theories in this period. At the same time ...
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We Know that during second half of 19th century and first half of 20th century mathematical-natural sciences impressively developed in Germany and scientists as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, Haber, Helmholtz ,… presented their most important works and theories in this period. At the same time , Jaspers ,in the second decade of 20th century, claimed that German " Wissenschaft " is distinct from science. Wissenschaft for him, is concerned with the totality of life, culture, literature, history ,Arts, ethics and etc.In this article we will try to establish that the German understanding of science is grounded in concepts of historicism, historicity and bildung (culture ,education,…). These concepts of course are heritages of German Romanticism
reza niroomand; hamid fadishaei; elham mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Deep learning technology, philosophical challenges and approaches Abstract The unprecedented human’s advancement in generating and storing piles of data, and exploiting such large amounts of data for building reasoning machines has manifested as a technology known as “deep learning”. ...
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Deep learning technology, philosophical challenges and approaches Abstract The unprecedented human’s advancement in generating and storing piles of data, and exploiting such large amounts of data for building reasoning machines has manifested as a technology known as “deep learning”. This technology is inspired by the brain’s connectivity structure and is empowered by deep artificial neural networks. In spite of numerous benefits offered by their great power in reasoning like experts or creating things like skillful people, this technology imposes some ethical challenges to human’s life. This article tries to present the ethical challenges of deep learning technology that threaten humanity and tries to address them by employing a rational-philosophical approach. Although deep learning technology imposes several ethical challenges on our lives, it is still possible to benefit from big data without sacrificing our ethical values provided we gain awareness about and preparation against such challenges. Keywords Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Neural Networks, Information ethics, philosophical challenge
hadi ghahar
Abstract
یگانهانگاری راسلی، عنوان یکی از جدیدترین نظریههای فلسفه ذهن است. این نظریه مدعی غلبه بر مشکلات نظریههای فیزیکیانگار و دوگانهانگار است. به طور خاص مشکل عمده ...
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یگانهانگاری راسلی، عنوان یکی از جدیدترین نظریههای فلسفه ذهن است. این نظریه مدعی غلبه بر مشکلات نظریههای فیزیکیانگار و دوگانهانگار است. به طور خاص مشکل عمده فیزیکیانگاری، تبیین آگاهی پدیداری است. یکی از مهمترین استدلالهای موجود علیه فیزیکیانگاری استدلال زامبی یا استدلال تصورپذیری است. یگانهانگاری راسلی بر اساس یک فهم هستیشناسانه متفاوت از عالم، مدعی است ویژگیهای درونی (ذاتی) اشیاء فیزیکی که تاکنون مورد غفلت نظریههای فیزیکی واقع شدهاند، منشاء ظهور آگاهی پدیداری است. بر این اساس، یگانهانگاری راسلی مدعی ارائه تبیینی مناسب از آگاهی پدیداری است که با عالم فیزیکی، یکپارچه است. در این مقاله، پس از تقریر دو نظریه فیزیکیانگاری و یگانهانگاری راسلی، نسبت آن دو تااندازهای روشن میشود و نشان داده میشود که تبیینهای فعلی نظریه یگانهانگاری راسلی برای مرزبندی آن با فیزیکیانگاری کافی نیست. همچنین بیان خواهد شد که استدلال تصورپذیری که علیه فیزیکیانگاری طرح شده است علیه یگانهانگاری راسلی (اگر آن را فیزیکیانگار قلمداد کنیم) کار نمیکند.
Homa Yazdani; Ali Paya; Lotfollah Nabavi
Abstract
In this study, we shall assess the claim concerning the negative effect of sin and positive effect of grace on proper function of reason and cognitive faculties through the lens of the Calvinist tradition and the Reformed Epistemology. Although the noetic effect of sin has already been discussed probably ...
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In this study, we shall assess the claim concerning the negative effect of sin and positive effect of grace on proper function of reason and cognitive faculties through the lens of the Calvinist tradition and the Reformed Epistemology. Although the noetic effect of sin has already been discussed probably by tracing the role of the non-epistemic factors in acquiring knowledge in general, approaching the issue by focusing on ‘scientific knowledge’ is novel and, to the best of my knowledge, has not been attempted before. This study will be developed by means of an evaluation of Stephen Moroney’s project. Through a critical survey of the views of a number of prominent Christian theologian, he tries to develop a model for the cognitive influence of sin. In our review of his work from the canons of Critical Rationalism, we shall try to show that Moroney's conclusions are inconsistent with his explanation of the effect of sin on the natural sciences. Our main arguments are as follows: what Moroney describes as scientific knowledge from a Christian point of view is more a technological awareness rather than scientific knowledge proper. Furthermore, it is the scientist who is affected by sin and not his scientific claim.
Hadi Montazeri Moghaddam
Abstract
Scientific society, like any other society, is constituted of social struc-ture. to identify that is to identify the historical evolution of science, the structure of science, etc. in this regard, another key component of Scien-tific society is the norms of science, which is the most fundamental value ...
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Scientific society, like any other society, is constituted of social struc-ture. to identify that is to identify the historical evolution of science, the structure of science, etc. in this regard, another key component of Scien-tific society is the norms of science, which is the most fundamental value that governs scientific society. Norms in science are important because some believe that they describe behavior in scientific society. There are different approaches to the norm’s role in science. The two most important theories are two theories that Karl Popper and David Bloor have put forward: 1- norms in science are social conviction. (Bloor, 1999) 2- The norms in science are abstract and Platonic. (Popper, 1972) In this article, in addition to a general description of Popper's and Bloor's theories, I will examine the criticisms that have been made by Popper's defenders on Bloor.
Mahdi Kafaee; Elahe Daviran; Mostafa Taqavi
Abstract
Society is the origin of technology and its development. On the other hand, technology has special social effects. Generally, the relationship between society and technology is mutual. Awareness of this relationship is necessary for engineering design. Nonetheless, due attention is not paid to this issue ...
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Society is the origin of technology and its development. On the other hand, technology has special social effects. Generally, the relationship between society and technology is mutual. Awareness of this relationship is necessary for engineering design. Nonetheless, due attention is not paid to this issue in textbooks and teaching procedures. In this paper, the mutual relationship between society and technology is concretely delineated with the typewriter's historical case study. Sometimes one agent (society or technology) affects another, changes it and then gets affected itself by the resulting change. Also, the effects are not limited to change and an agent can prevent changes in another. In addition, it is observed that in the co-constructing path of agents, rationality is not the only criterion for technological development and is not justifying the phenomena. For example, optimization of technology can be stopped or deviated by society or social agents.
Alireza Monajemi; Hamidreza Namazi
Abstract
"Medical humanities" seems to be a paradoxical phrase primarily. How these two distinct and separate fileds of knowledge have been linked is due to the problematic state of medicine. In the first part of the article, we will analyze medical humanities based on the controversies in this field, and in ...
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"Medical humanities" seems to be a paradoxical phrase primarily. How these two distinct and separate fileds of knowledge have been linked is due to the problematic state of medicine. In the first part of the article, we will analyze medical humanities based on the controversies in this field, and in the second part, the critical meta-medical studies will be proposed as an alternative to medical humanities. To answer the first question, we have used the controversies studies. The contemporary trend of medical humanities began with the critique of modern medicine in the late sixties and early seventies, which was concerned with the growing development of biomedical sciences and dehumanization of medicine. The pioneers in this field found a solution that could be linking the humanities to the field of medicine. The medical humanities has established by reforming the curricula of many medical schools , and gradually expanded to clinical research and clinical practice. A careful review and analysis of medical humanities literature identified five main issues in surface layer: broad and different conceptions and definitions, discipline vs. field, multidisciplinary vs. interdisciplinary, medical humanities vs. health humanities, classical humanities vs. critical humanities and medical humanities vs. medical philosophy. In the final analysis in the deep layer, two elements can be distinguished: one is dichotomies and the other is drives or processes. Dichotomies can be classified into several general groups: methodological (instrumental-critical and concrete-integrated), epustemological (natural sciences-humanities, specialist-commoners), ontological (human-human sciences, art-science) and praxiological (health vs. clinical, care vs. cure). In the case of drives or processes, we can mention medicaliztion, bureaucratization, technicalization, ethicization, scientificization, specialization, individualization. But as we mentioned in the final analysis, both approaches has suffered from serious limitations. In the second part of the article, two questions will be addressed: What is the defensible critical approach in medical / health sciences and what are the proposed critical meta-medical studies as an alternative to medical / health sciences? Modern medicine and humanities and social sciences have the same origins, and therefore sociology, psychology, etc., as medical humanities, cannot humanize medicine. Hence, a critical theory should be considered that critiques both social sciences and medicine at the same time; Like Foucault, Gadamer and Habermas. Critical meta-medical studies, such as the cross-disciplinary umbrella, pay attention to the fundamental questions of medicine and, of course, inforce the discipline to a critical appraoch, both among themselves and towards the goal of medicine.
Mahmoud Mozhdeh khoshknoodahani; Reza Naderlo; Reza Azizinezhad
Abstract
Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is a theory that suggests that the conceptual framework for evolutionary synthesis needs to be reviewed to provide an extending of the new findings in evolutionary biology and to increase the explanatory power for existing findings. This review is about extending in the ...
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Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is a theory that suggests that the conceptual framework for evolutionary synthesis needs to be reviewed to provide an extending of the new findings in evolutionary biology and to increase the explanatory power for existing findings. This review is about extending in the conceptual frameworks of evolutionary synthesis, and Gene-based evolutionary framework should be extended to the developmental framework. But the evolutionary proponents of the 1930s and 40s do not consider this theory to be any review, and they refuse to ask for any extension in its conceptual framework. Both current and extended compilation theories use metaphors to express themselves, such as the metaphors the music of life and selfish genes, which represent two broad conceptual frameworks and represent the current integration. On the other hand, the embodied reading of metaphor relates the use of metaphors in scientific theories to the domain of the scientist's thought and the conceptual framework governing his mind. On this basis, one can argue in favor of extending in evolutionary synthesis
Hadi Samadi; Ahmad reza Moradian
Abstract
Disparate and competitive theories have been proposed to explain cultural evolution, which one of the most known ones is the Memetic theory. Present article claims that proposed theories such as Memetics represent part of the culture to make them discernible by using analogies. It should be noted that ...
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Disparate and competitive theories have been proposed to explain cultural evolution, which one of the most known ones is the Memetic theory. Present article claims that proposed theories such as Memetics represent part of the culture to make them discernible by using analogies. It should be noted that any model including Memetic has been generated by abstraction and idealization and these models are not also necessary in the form of propositions, hence one should not expect such theories to be true. Two reasons are noted in this regard. Firstly, idealization is associated with distance from the truth. Secondly, only propositions are truth-bearer. In the present article, Memetics has been selected from the theories of cultural evolution as a case study, which has been tried to introduce the critiques of its opponents and rejoinders of its defenders. As a result, it is highlighted that culture is highly complex to be lonely explained by an explanatory model. Moreover, no model including Memetics could however, lonely claim for exclusive explanation of culture and the combination of a set of explanatory patterns would pave the way for a better understanding of it.
Hossein sheykhrezaee; Hamed Bikaraan-Behesht
Abstract
The issue of the role of social and cultural values in science has provoked many debates in the last few decades and researchers in science studies have approached the issue in different ways. The proponents of feminist science and epistemology are among those who have paid much attention to the issue. ...
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The issue of the role of social and cultural values in science has provoked many debates in the last few decades and researchers in science studies have approached the issue in different ways. The proponents of feminist science and epistemology are among those who have paid much attention to the issue. Some of the feminists believe that values play an undeniable role in the products of science. In particular, masculine values, they claim, have an essential role in the current scientific theories. Some of them even try to argue for the view that masculine values should be replaced with feminine ones. However, some other feminists reject the view, and among them is Helen Longino. Although Longino admits that masculine values have played some role in many scientific theories, she denies that there is a unique set of feminine superior values. In this paper, we examined Longino’s view on the role of values in science as well as feminist science. We criticized two elements of her view
Qasem Muhammadi; Farah Ramin
Abstract
With the dramatic advancement in physics and its sub-fields such as cosmology and quantum physics, teleological arguments for the existence of God, especially the fine-tuning argument came to the spotlight in theological discussions. Along with the widespread support for this argument, various challenges ...
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With the dramatic advancement in physics and its sub-fields such as cosmology and quantum physics, teleological arguments for the existence of God, especially the fine-tuning argument came to the spotlight in theological discussions. Along with the widespread support for this argument, various challenges also have been raised against this argument by critics. The measure challenge seems to be of the most promising of these challenges. It calls into question the use of probability calculus in the argument and asserts that the axiom of ‘countable additivity’ has been violated in such probabilities and they are, hence, non-normalizable and illogical. Facing this challenge, two strategies are normally put forward by the proponents of the fine-tuning argument. The first strategy is to accept the challenge and try to circumvent it by normalizing the probabilities. The second strategy depicts non-normalizable probabilities as a usual phenomenon in various sciences such as cosmology and statistical mechanics and as such, considers it a rather justifiable anomaly in probabilities utilized in fine-tuning argument. In this article, in addition to reviewing the measure challenge as well as the two aforementioned strategies, we will discuss and defend a third strategy that has not been widely addressed by the proponents of fine-tuning argument. In this strategy, by raising ontological questions about the measure theory, we argue that the axiom of countable additivity is not a binding axiom and may be forsaken or be replaced by an alternative axiom, namely finite additivity.
majid reza moghanipour
Abstract
"Causality" is one of the concepts that has a long history in philosophy and human cognition. from the very beginning of human life, man wanted to discover the reason and cause of phenomena; this concept has gone through many ups and downs in the history of philosophical thought. The answers given to ...
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"Causality" is one of the concepts that has a long history in philosophy and human cognition. from the very beginning of human life, man wanted to discover the reason and cause of phenomena; this concept has gone through many ups and downs in the history of philosophical thought. The answers given to the cause of phenomena have been entirely influenced by the type of human consciousness and cognition in different historical and geographical areas; the knowledge and cognitions that thinkers such as Ernest Cassirer believed were not consistently logical. They were not always had a rational patterns, and irrational patterns were involved in shaping human cognitive forms; It is referred to as the "mythical knowledge."The purpose of writing this article is to introduce the types of causal relationships in this most irrational form of human cognition, based on which, based on the basics, rules and other sources of information in this awareness, to review, describe and analyze The types of causal relationships are discussed in this cognitive form.
sadegh hojjati; Ali Reza Mansouri; mahdi Mohaghegh
Abstract
The theory of quaternary elements along with the natural system is one of the cornerstones of Greek philosophy, especially from Aristotle. With the translation and transmission of Greek sciences, this theory came to the Islamic world and formed the theoretical basis for most of the Islamic sciences. ...
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The theory of quaternary elements along with the natural system is one of the cornerstones of Greek philosophy, especially from Aristotle. With the translation and transmission of Greek sciences, this theory came to the Islamic world and formed the theoretical basis for most of the Islamic sciences. Of these, Islamic science has been widely used in the field of Islamic sciences. In this paper, we try to show the effect of this theory in two parts: scientific and technological. The part that can be considered as the development of Aristotelian naturalism based on the natural system, and the part that is in the field of technology and technology, and the natural system has an inspirational role for it.
