Reza Mahoozi
Volume 4, Issue 8 , Winter and Spring 2015, , Pages 93-106
Abstract
Campbell, as a structuralist and phenomenalist philosopher, explains the ontological structure of things based on properties. Many physicists have endorsed his theory because he introduces properties as particular and tropic entities, of which outer world is built. In this paper, first, I introduce tropes ...
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Campbell, as a structuralist and phenomenalist philosopher, explains the ontological structure of things based on properties. Many physicists have endorsed his theory because he introduces properties as particular and tropic entities, of which outer world is built. In this paper, first, I introduce tropes and trope theory then I will notice some similarities and differences between this theory and physician’s opinions about subatomic and fields. We will conclude that we cannot introduce subatomic and fields as properties to explain the structure of external world.
Mahmoud Mokhtari; Mehdi Golshani; Samad Khakshournia
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Winter and Spring 2013, , Pages 97-116
Abstract
The acceleration of the universe has been confirmed through various cosmological observations since 1998. Nevertheless, there are many models proposed to explain this acceleration and there is no broad agreement on the fact. A concordance model titled “ΛCMD” suggests that the energy ...
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The acceleration of the universe has been confirmed through various cosmological observations since 1998. Nevertheless, there are many models proposed to explain this acceleration and there is no broad agreement on the fact. A concordance model titled “ΛCMD” suggests that the energy of the vacuum space, with a negative pressure, is the origin of the universe acceleration. However the nature of this energy is unknown, and so it is called “Dark Energy”, and we have only a phenomenological equation of state (EOS) for it. The cosmologist Lawrence M. Krauss’ thesis, based on a specific value of EOS parameter, predicts a static universe of our local supercluster surrounded by a void, in the future. According to Krauss, the late time intelligentswill not have any access to the pillars of the modern cosmology, and so the “End of Cosmology” will be expected. This paper surveys Krauss’ thesis and examinesits assumptions and consequences. An unavoidable uncertainty in the prediction of the fate of accelerating universe is vindicated.
Farzane Ghadamyari; Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari
Volume 5, Issue 10 , Winter and Spring 2016, , Pages 97-111
Abstract
Analysis of the concept of inertia as the first law of motion in classical physics, on which the explanation of movement is based, and Aristotelian and classical physics as two intellectual mainstreams, which have been dominant for hundreds of years, is the main concern of this article. In this paper ...
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Analysis of the concept of inertia as the first law of motion in classical physics, on which the explanation of movement is based, and Aristotelian and classical physics as two intellectual mainstreams, which have been dominant for hundreds of years, is the main concern of this article. In this paper possibility of the concept of inertia in Aristotelian physics will be questioned and analyzed. It should be noted that the possibility of assigning the components of the two physics to each other or matching them has always been the concern of scholars. The findings of this paper indicate that Aristotle through discussing concepts of natural motion and forced motion implicitly mentioned the concept of inertia.
lotfolah nabavi; Nima Ahmadi; Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Volume 3, Issue 5 , Summer and Autumn 2013, , Pages 99-118
Abstract
Bayesians believe that they have solved a significant problem in philosophy of science, which is the identification of the logic which governs evidences. The problem has special importance to philosophy of science, because what eventually distinguishes science from myth is that we have good evidence ...
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Bayesians believe that they have solved a significant problem in philosophy of science, which is the identification of the logic which governs evidences. The problem has special importance to philosophy of science, because what eventually distinguishes science from myth is that we have good evidence for the content of science. The core ideas of all versions of Bayesian confirmation theory are that the beliefs are confirmed to a probability measure, and incorporating new evidence is done through conditionalization using Bayes’ rule. Bayesians believe that qualitative approaches to confirmation theory are hopeless; an adequate account of the way evidences support hypotheses and theories must be quantitative, and a quantitative account implicates utilizing the probability calculus. The aim of this paper is to investigate the challenges to confirmation theory by means of the standard Bayesian approach.
Alireza Monajemi; Hamidreza Ayatollahy; Mehdi Moinzadeh
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Winter and Spring 2014, , Pages 99-118
Abstract
Medicalization is a term for the process by which medical definitions and practices are applied to behaviors, psychological phenomena, and somatic experiences which previously were not within the conceptual or therapeutic scope of medicine. There have been two distinct main approaches to medicalization. ...
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Medicalization is a term for the process by which medical definitions and practices are applied to behaviors, psychological phenomena, and somatic experiences which previously were not within the conceptual or therapeutic scope of medicine. There have been two distinct main approaches to medicalization. The first was a Marxist critique of medicine as authoritarian and imperialistic, while the second was a critique of the expanding role of medicine in the social control of deviant behavior. This article contends that none of these approached could explain medicalization comprehensively. The main thesis of this paper is that medicalization as a technology could be an alternative. In this paper, this thesis will be examined in the light of Heidegger’s, Bergmann’s and Feinberg’s philosophy of technology.
sajad malmir; alireza mansouri
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2017, , Pages 103-123
Abstract
Quantum non-locality phenomenon indicates that there are superluminal causal relations among entangled quantum particles. One way to explain this phenomenon is Tachyonian model. In this approach, superluminal particles (Tachyons) are the causal relational mediators of space-like points. It seems that ...
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Quantum non-locality phenomenon indicates that there are superluminal causal relations among entangled quantum particles. One way to explain this phenomenon is Tachyonian model. In this approach, superluminal particles (Tachyons) are the causal relational mediators of space-like points. It seems that Tachyons are compatible with the space-time structure of special relativity; there are good evidences for this, but the problem is that just some of Tachyonian models are able to explain the quantum non-locality. Because of its ad hoc-ness and having strange metaphysical implications, a Tachyonian model doesn’t offer a good explanation for the quantum non-locality. However, this model has provided, as its good feature, a research program for Physicists.
aziz najafpoor; Fatemeh Gitipasand
Volume 7, Issue 13 , Summer and Autumn 2017, , Pages 105-114
Abstract
In line with his cultural concerns and protecting various social traditions, Feyerabend denounces the rationality of modern science, emphasizes the principle of ‘anything goes’ and prioritizes individual freedom over the truth. Denying the absolute truth, Feyerabend tries to make room for ...
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In line with his cultural concerns and protecting various social traditions, Feyerabend denounces the rationality of modern science, emphasizes the principle of ‘anything goes’ and prioritizes individual freedom over the truth. Denying the absolute truth, Feyerabend tries to make room for cultural pluralism and to remove science from the state of being the only reference for determining the authenticity of phenomena. In this paper, it is tried to show that Feyerabend in fact, after criticizing scientific rationality, raises a new rationality which its aim is freedom and has its own method and tradition. Besides some conflicts and ambiguities in his approach, he does not provide a reason for the preference of his rationality over other existing rationalities. We conclude that Feyerabend not only is not an epistemological anarchist, but has its own particular rationality.
saeid masoumi
Volume 8, Issue 16 , Winter and Spring 2019, , Pages 107-130
Abstract
The concept of general covariance is one of the most important concepts in general theory of relativity, which there are a lot of confusing in the understanding of its correct meaning. In this paper I explain and try to elucidate this concept and I will discuss Anderson- Friedman’s absolute object, ...
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The concept of general covariance is one of the most important concepts in general theory of relativity, which there are a lot of confusing in the understanding of its correct meaning. In this paper I explain and try to elucidate this concept and I will discuss Anderson- Friedman’s absolute object, regarded as what distinguishes between general relativity and other space – time theories. I also consider Earman’s two definitions of general covariance; formal general covariance and substantive general covariance which by introducing these two definition he gives the distinguishing characteristic of general relativity which is its realization of substantive general covariance. Eventually I compare those two viewpoints and discern their distinction
Mehdi Moinzadeh
Volume 8, Issue 15 , Summer and Autumn 2018, , Pages 109-126
Abstract
Richard Foley is among the well-known theorists in epistemology and rationality. His theory of epistemology is known as ‘Subjective Foundationalism’. Studying his works, one finds out that the adoption of such a position in epistemology was due to the development of a rationality theory compatible ...
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Richard Foley is among the well-known theorists in epistemology and rationality. His theory of epistemology is known as ‘Subjective Foundationalism’. Studying his works, one finds out that the adoption of such a position in epistemology was due to the development of a rationality theory compatible with it. ‘Foundationalism’ is the distinctive feature of Foley’s epistemology which distinguishes it from views like coherentism. ‘Subjectivism’ is in opposition to ‘objectivist’ views like reliabilism. On the basis of this epistemological position, Foley puts forward an elaborate theory of rationality that being epistemic and, more importantly, being goal-oriented are among its main characteristics. He also replaces ‘reasonable belief’ with ‘rational belief’ in the theory of rationality. Involving concepts like ‘perspective’, ‘uncontroversial argument’, ‘deep reflection’, and ‘deepest epistemic standards’, Foley's theory of reasonableness associates a kind of subjectivism and relativism, but actually it is neither subjectivist nor relativist. This paper while investigates and reconstructs Foley's theory of rationality, attempts to disclose the rationality of the theory itself pursuing its implications. To do so, each of the elements of Foley's theory of rationality is referred to its existential foundation. The claim of the article on the rationale behind Foley's theory of reasonableness is that this rationality is not based on the validity of logical criteria but on the human existential states and elements
Ghazaleh Azizi; Hadi Samadi
Abstract
In recent decades, the life sciences have come into the world of narratives and literature with two approaches: the evolutionary and the cognitive ones. The present article, with some references to the second approach, is mainly concerned with the first one. Theories developed in evolutionary paradigm ...
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In recent decades, the life sciences have come into the world of narratives and literature with two approaches: the evolutionary and the cognitive ones. The present article, with some references to the second approach, is mainly concerned with the first one. Theories developed in evolutionary paradigm mainly consider human tendency to literature as an adaptation in the process of human evolution at different individual, group, and cultural levels. These theories are criticized in the present article. Theory of extended mind holds the relationship between mind, body and the world around us very intense. Another claim is that extended mind theory has a particular capacity for explaining literature. As a final claim, the paper deals with Evo-Devo biology and uses its explanatory abilities to explain the role of literature in human life and evolution.
Saeed Masoumi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , Summer and Autumn 2015, , Pages 113-143
Abstract
In this paper two viewpoints about scientific theories will be introduced. These two viewpoints are: 1- received view and 2- semantic view about scientific theories. It should be emphasized that our major focus is on the semantic view to scientific theories. The first one, now, does not have any considerable ...
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In this paper two viewpoints about scientific theories will be introduced. These two viewpoints are: 1- received view and 2- semantic view about scientific theories. It should be emphasized that our major focus is on the semantic view to scientific theories. The first one, now, does not have any considerable adherents and mainly logical positivist philosophers were its defenders. The received view has two important problems: 1- it is highly impractical that we want to formalize the scientific theories in the first order logic language and 2- its characterization of role and status of models in the scientific theories is inappropriate. We will notice that the semantic view, in particular the version that da Costa and French introduced, by its use of structure, can dissolve these problems and many problems that this view is involved with and this approach is in agreement with what scientists do in reality, in particular physicists try to model natural phenomena.
Mohammadmahdi Hatef; hosein sheykh rezaei
Abstract
Goodman was the first one who answered his own riddle of induction, although a relativist answer which opened a way for his constructivist ontological project. Realists, concerned with inductive knowledge, however, attempted to retrieve this kind of knowledge by attacking his answer and providing alternative ...
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Goodman was the first one who answered his own riddle of induction, although a relativist answer which opened a way for his constructivist ontological project. Realists, concerned with inductive knowledge, however, attempted to retrieve this kind of knowledge by attacking his answer and providing alternative answers to the riddle. Here I examine three reactions, by F. Jackson, C. Elder and P. Godfrey-Smith. This examination proceeds concentrating on the idea of natural kinds; whether this idea can open a (realist) way to deal with Goodman’s riddle? Jackson’s suggestion is examined borrowing Elder’s and Godfrey-Smith’s critics. Then I will go to Elder’s suggestion showing that it involves begging the question. Then Godfrey-Smith’s suggestion, which is indeed a reconstruction of Jackson’s idea that appealed to rules of statistical methodology instead of a philosophical conceptualization, is examined. This suggestion seems to me a prpoer idea to deal with Goodman’s riddle, on the on hand, and deeply relies on the idea of natural kinds, on the other. However, it is cannot disable Goodman’s own suggestion, which is also weaker metaphysically.
Abutorab Yaghmaie; Hossain Sheykhrezaee
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Summer and Autumn 2012, , Pages 115-135
Abstract
Most of the literature about philosophy of science in the last decade is devoted to the scientific representation. In this paper, both non-cognitive and cognitive as the main two approaches to the scientific presenting will be reviewed. In the first part, the scientific representation of the elements ...
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Most of the literature about philosophy of science in the last decade is devoted to the scientific representation. In this paper, both non-cognitive and cognitive as the main two approaches to the scientific presenting will be reviewed. In the first part, the scientific representation of the elements involved in it, regardless of the two approaches, are introduced. The second part deals with the representation of the non-cognitive theories, theories that "resemble" the basis of representation are defined. This section is divided into three patterns: the continuation of the concept of similarity (identity component, uniformity, and uniformity in part), which is defined based on the representation process. The third section is devoted to criticism of the cognitive approach. According to these critics, the similarity is neither necessary nor sufficient condition of its representation. Definition of the relationship between cognitive representations is provided at the end of this section. Finally, the fourth section we will Gyyry Hybrid Theory, which attempts to accommodate both the similarities and cognitive aspects. We will argue that his definition of representation is circular.
Vahid Taebnia
Abstract
Post-phenomenology can be considered as the pragmatist account of Husserl's and Heidegger's phenomenology. Thinkers of this new line of thinking attempt to apply the phenomenological methodology in the realm of science and technology studies in order to give an account of how the contemporary human being ...
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Post-phenomenology can be considered as the pragmatist account of Husserl's and Heidegger's phenomenology. Thinkers of this new line of thinking attempt to apply the phenomenological methodology in the realm of science and technology studies in order to give an account of how the contemporary human being and world are profoundly imbued with science and technology. To do this, they set forth an analysis of the role of technological atrefacts in the actualization of the modern framework of theoretical thinking, namely empirical science. Post-phenomenology revolves around the dependence of the post-Galileo science on the mediation of instruments and artefacts in human perception. Post-phenomenology also argues in favour of scientific realism by reliance on the presence of technical instruments within the structure of laboratory engagement. Post-phenomenologists benefit from both early and later Heideggerian insights on the nature of relations between science and technology; and yet, they pragmatically criticize Heidegger's later philosophy of science and technology. However, one must ask why and how such an "empirical turn" is fruitful in solving both theoretical problems and practical crises, made by modern science and technology
Alireza Monajemi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Summer and Autumn 2011, , Pages 123-136
Abstract
One of the philosophical reflections on medicine is philosophy of science approach. Among several branches and schools in philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn has more impact on medical philosophy. Based on the Kuhnian approach, it is proposed that modern medicine is a paradigm and at the present time ...
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One of the philosophical reflections on medicine is philosophy of science approach. Among several branches and schools in philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn has more impact on medical philosophy. Based on the Kuhnian approach, it is proposed that modern medicine is a paradigm and at the present time it is facing a serious crisis. Two signs of this crisis are popularity of alternative medicine and spark off philosophical debate in medical society. In this article, I try to challenge this claim by asking four fundamental questions. According to the essence of medicine and the role of medicine in modern times, it is proposed that medicine does not fit well with the Kuhnian definition of paradigm. Medicine in its essence is much more a practice and the concept of paradigm is closer to biomedical science than medicine.
Mirsaeid Mousavi Karimi; Jahangir Moazenzade
Volume 6, Issue 11 , Summer and Autumn 2016, , Pages 127-148
Abstract
Van Fraassen as an empiricist believes that ‘observation’ is perception of something without instruments. On the other hand, as a constructive empiricist, he adds a constraint based on which if something is observable does not automatically imply that its observing conditions are ready now. ...
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Van Fraassen as an empiricist believes that ‘observation’ is perception of something without instruments. On the other hand, as a constructive empiricist, he adds a constraint based on which if something is observable does not automatically imply that its observing conditions are ready now. Considering moons of Jupiter as observable entities and electron as an unobservable entity, he believes that we do not see the ‘electrons’ atomic theory shows us by microscope. Realist critics of van Fraassen without considering mentioned restriction and based on different reasons give examples such as extra solar planets and claim if we count these entities as observable entities we have to count electron as an observable entity as well. However, in this paper, based on the criterion of ‘existence or non-existence of observable reference by naked eye in suitable conditions’, which meet for all of the critic's examples, but does not meet for electron, we will argue, as van Fraassen has claimed, for counting electron as an unobservable entity
Mohammad Mahdi Sadrforati; Shadi Mohammadi
Abstract
Having ‘good sense’ in choosing among rival scientific theories was initially introduced by Pierre Duhem. According to him, where empirical evidence and logical rules cannot help to choose among scientific options, scientists need a further criterion to help them decide. However, Duhem left ...
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Having ‘good sense’ in choosing among rival scientific theories was initially introduced by Pierre Duhem. According to him, where empirical evidence and logical rules cannot help to choose among scientific options, scientists need a further criterion to help them decide. However, Duhem left this notion undeveloped and open for further discussions to find its nature and the way it works. This paper starts with evaluating David Stump’s and Milena Ivanova’s accounts, two major scholars in this debate. Having considered the cons and pros of each account, we will come up with a social understanding of ‘good sense’, according to which this notion is characterized by the way successful scientists actually theorize and practice science and the community of scientists accepts them.
saeid masoumi
Volume 7, Issue 14 , Winter and Spring 2018, , Pages 133-156
Abstract
The most important argument against scientific realism is pessimistic meta –induction. One of the main task of scientific realists is to make an effective rebuttal to this argument. In this paper we formulate a form of the argument, then consider the most important rebuttal that make against it, ...
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The most important argument against scientific realism is pessimistic meta –induction. One of the main task of scientific realists is to make an effective rebuttal to this argument. In this paper we formulate a form of the argument, then consider the most important rebuttal that make against it, concisely. Our claim is that the structural realism rebuttal is the most acceptable one, but its thesis, which is that what is preserve in the theory change is structure and science just represent the structural relations in the world, must be evaluated by considering scientific theories case by case in all scientific domain, such as physics , biology, chemistry, etc
Rahman Sharifzadeh; Parvin Badri
Volume 4, Issue 7 , Summer and Autumn 2014, , Pages 139-155
Abstract
Kuhn’s world change claim has some problems; whether this change is an objective change (change in the world itself) or a subjective one (change in the mind)? Does objective ‘world change’ conform to the stability of sense stimulus? Whether subjective change is compatible with the incommensurability ...
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Kuhn’s world change claim has some problems; whether this change is an objective change (change in the world itself) or a subjective one (change in the mind)? Does objective ‘world change’ conform to the stability of sense stimulus? Whether subjective change is compatible with the incommensurability of perceptions of rival paradigms? Kuhn through his Darwinian- Kantian framework argues for the priori conditions of world perceiving and changing. As we will see, these conditions are the taxonomic structure of paradigms. We will argue that Kuhn can speak of the change of world itself in a commonsensical manner.
Gholam Hossein Moghaddam Heydari; Hamid Reza Ayatollahi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2012, , Pages 143-161
Abstract
One of the popular theories of rationality of science is rationality as foundationism according to which rationality of a scientific theory is based on sense data upon which the theory has been constructed. The issue of certain data is, however, followed by many debates. In the present article, appealing ...
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One of the popular theories of rationality of science is rationality as foundationism according to which rationality of a scientific theory is based on sense data upon which the theory has been constructed. The issue of certain data is, however, followed by many debates. In the present article, appealing to Wittgenstein ideas about "certainty", authors present a new understanding of certainties in a scientific theory. According to this new understanding, each and every scientific theory consists of two kinds of propositions: fixed and fluid. Based on this classification of propositions of a scientific theory, a new idea is presented concerning rationality of scientific theories according to which a theory is rational if, firstly it is consistent and, second, it retains fixed propositions of the scientific society and replaces fluid propositions by other proper ones. Presenting historical evidence, the authors try to show that this idea is efficient and realistic if it is assessed according to standards of rationality which are based on evidency of sense data.
Hossein Nasrollahi; Morteza Sedaghat Ahangari Hossein Zadeh
Volume 4, Issue 8 , Winter and Spring 2015, , Pages 107-121
Abstract
There are, at least, three problems in Kripke’s theory of reference, including: 1. the problem of proper names referring: a proper name may refer to different referents in different possible worlds; 2. the problem of reference failure; and 3. the problem of referential infallibility of theoretical ...
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There are, at least, three problems in Kripke’s theory of reference, including: 1. the problem of proper names referring: a proper name may refer to different referents in different possible worlds; 2. the problem of reference failure; and 3. the problem of referential infallibility of theoretical terms. In this paper, first we elaborate these problems in more details. Then we show how Kripke himself solves the first problem appealing to the concept of ‘use’ and then we investigate how the other two problems can be solved with the same strategy. We also refer to Davidson’s triangulation thesis to show that linguistic community contributes in the determination of referent.
Seyed Javad Miri; Ali Ali Asghari Sadri
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Winter and Spring 2013, , Pages 117-146
Abstract
In this essay, positivism is briefly introduced. Furthermore, Shariati’s opinion about positivists’ thought is expressed. In the first part, similarities between Shariati and positivism are probed. These similarities include scientific method, objectivity of natural science, accuracy and ...
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In this essay, positivism is briefly introduced. Furthermore, Shariati’s opinion about positivists’ thought is expressed. In the first part, similarities between Shariati and positivism are probed. These similarities include scientific method, objectivity of natural science, accuracy and credibility of natural science and relying on it, utilization of natural science methods in human science and distinguishing between identification and judgement. In the second part, differences between Shariati and positivism are probed.These differences include role of culture in science, critisizing scientific abstinence and the idea of “science for science”, efffect of individual and society on science (subjectivism), the difference between natural science and human science in accuracy and credibility, critisizing scientism, necessity of philosophy and metaphysics (refutation of empricism) and science need to identify human correctly. At the end, we conclude that Shariati is not compeletly a positivist and also is not compeletly against positivists.
saeid masoumi
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2017, , Pages 125-155
Abstract
Having considered those positions in which it seems quantum mechanics conflicts with scientific realism, we will show that through taking the stance most philosophers of science currently have on the concept of realism, and if one takes this realistic stance about scientific theory, one can have a realistic ...
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Having considered those positions in which it seems quantum mechanics conflicts with scientific realism, we will show that through taking the stance most philosophers of science currently have on the concept of realism, and if one takes this realistic stance about scientific theory, one can have a realistic view about quantum mechanics. Regarding to the scientific and the philosophical literature on quantum mechanics we may distinguish three kinds of scientific realism of which just two kinds conflict with quantum mechanics. So in one sense quantum mechanics is compatible with scientific realism
Abutorab Yaghmaie
Volume 8, Issue 15 , Summer and Autumn 2018, , Pages 127-141
Abstract
The history of pure science-applied science distinction goes back to 19th century. Philosophers of science and technology and science studies practitioners since then have been involved in how to separate pure from applied science. The linear model of the distinction is one of the oldest models on which ...
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The history of pure science-applied science distinction goes back to 19th century. Philosophers of science and technology and science studies practitioners since then have been involved in how to separate pure from applied science. The linear model of the distinction is one of the oldest models on which the goal of pure science is acquiring knowledge, while applied science tries to solve practical problems. In this article, I will argue that the liner model to draw the distinction in nano-science is inadequate. So, another account is needed to distinguish them, provided that our assumption about the distinction per se in nano-science is applicable
fatemeh fallahi; Saeid Mirriahi; Hosein Soltanzadeh; Mohammad Mehdi Raeissamiei
Abstract
Applying computational rules has a major contribution in the coordination of architectural proportions and elements. Geometry science and its applications is one of the main features in Iranian architecture. The start of its development was in the eighth and ninth centuries and continued until the tenth ...
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Applying computational rules has a major contribution in the coordination of architectural proportions and elements. Geometry science and its applications is one of the main features in Iranian architecture. The start of its development was in the eighth and ninth centuries and continued until the tenth century. At this research for using the perspective of ninth century mathematician and thinker, Al’Kashi, is considered as measuring, calculating and regulating these elements in Timurid era. One of most important achievement of Al’Kashi is trisecting the angle and the circle which is the complimentary of the trigonometry and conic sections of Khayyam. The purpose of the research is to answer if calculations and ideas proposed by famous mathematicians such as Al’Kashi have the ability to use in architectural industry. The theoretical foundations of the current research are on this basis whether there is connection and relationship between theoretical and practical discussions of geometry and architecture. In the paper, based on the manuscripts left by Iranian mathematicians, the roots of their computational and graphical rules which the researchers consider them as the Menelaus theorem are evaluated by Python programming language in Rhino software. The results show that Al’Kashi's calculations and drawings were not just a practical-theoretical exercise and trigonometric rules have been used in static and stability of architectural features.
