Mohammad Ali Roozbahani; mahdi Moinzadeh
Abstract
Martin Heidegger's idea is a whole interconnected and the universality of it can be considered as a "philosophy of technology". The central concept of Heidegger's philosophy is Being, concealment and its concealment. His course of thought begins with a critique of metaphysics from Plato to Nietzsche ...
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Martin Heidegger's idea is a whole interconnected and the universality of it can be considered as a "philosophy of technology". The central concept of Heidegger's philosophy is Being, concealment and its concealment. His course of thought begins with a critique of metaphysics from Plato to Nietzsche and it goes on to try to develop another kind of philosophy.Then, by way of metaphysics, it reaches Gestell. The " Gestell" absolute a horizon of the concealment of Being as the essence of modern technology, with its semantic synonymy in the sense of perfection and the end of metaphysics. The present study will reconstruct Heidegger's thought about the concept of "Gestell" and will show how his totality of thought can be regarded as a philosophy of integrated technology. As any regional interpretation of his views on technology will require consideration of the whole of his thinking.
Mahmoud Mokhtari
Volume 6, Issue 11 , Summer and Autumn 2016, , Pages 81-98
Abstract
According to the traditional definition of knowledge, it seems that the epistemological analysis of error can be conducted through considering any defect in knowledge components: fault belief, false belief, and unjustified belief. However, the arising question is this: Which error is attributable to ...
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According to the traditional definition of knowledge, it seems that the epistemological analysis of error can be conducted through considering any defect in knowledge components: fault belief, false belief, and unjustified belief. However, the arising question is this: Which error is attributable to the believer? When is a believer blamed for possessing a fault or false belief? It seems that he is blameless if he has good reasons for believing that p, even though p is false. The aim of this article is to present an analysis of epistemic error in justification, in externalist reliabilism framework. Firstly, the capacity of chief theories in the general reliabilism is assessed for epistemic error analysis. These are the process reliabilism of Alvin Goldman and truth tracking theory of Robert Nozick. Afterward, the virtue perspectivism of Ernest Sosa is surveyed. This paper will argue that the safety principle, which is introduced as a necessary condition of knowledge by Sosa, is a defendable base for error analysis.
Ali Kavousi-rahim; Reza Kouhkan
Volume 7, Issue 14 , Winter and Spring 2018, , Pages 85-104
Abstract
Philosophy of science is the study of methods, assumptions and implications of science, while in this expression, the word “science” has attributed to physics, chemistry, biology, etc generally. Such attribution arises from a positivist point of view, in which traditional sciences such as ...
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Philosophy of science is the study of methods, assumptions and implications of science, while in this expression, the word “science” has attributed to physics, chemistry, biology, etc generally. Such attribution arises from a positivist point of view, in which traditional sciences such as alchemy has been ignored. Avoiding this presentism, the aim of present study is to investigate the foundations of alchemy of Hassan ibn Zāhed Kermāni, Persian alchemist of 8th/14th century. In spite of containing reasonable and coherent alchemical thought, his three alchemical compilations have been remained unknown yet. Identification of alchemy as the mesocosm (middle universe) is principal in his thought and specifically, appliance of this nomenclature formed his alchemy`s framework. In this article, first, we`ve presented some evidences from Islamic literature, other than Kermāni`s writings, implying the concept of middle being. Then we conducted a hermeneutic approach in which Kermāni`s text is used to interpret his four reasons for knowing alchemy as the mesocosm. In his opinion, alchemy has throughout homologies with mankind as the microcosm and also with macrocosm of the universe. Finally it is demonstrated that correlations between these tripartite configuration of Kermāni`s alchemical ontology, all are based on properties of four classical elements including earth, water, air and fire. In other word, role-playing of four elements within all these three realms validates the correspondence between them.
Khadijeh Hassan Beakzadeh; Seyed Hassan Hosseini
Volume 4, Issue 7 , Summer and Autumn 2014, , Pages 87-107
Abstract
Salmon claims that explanation is an objective affair, and is nothing more than descriptive knowledge of the world. A criterion which Salmon provides for causal explanation as scientific explanation has two foundations: 1. Statistical Relevance; 2. Causal relation. In this paper, first, we will ...
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Salmon claims that explanation is an objective affair, and is nothing more than descriptive knowledge of the world. A criterion which Salmon provides for causal explanation as scientific explanation has two foundations: 1. Statistical Relevance; 2. Causal relation. In this paper, first, we will argue that the explanation includes both objective and subjective components and scientists use inference to the best explanation. Second, we will state that causation is an intellectual and philosophical affair so that necessity of causal relation is its result. Therefore there is no ontological status for the probabilistic approach of causality.
Roozbeh Zare; Seyyed Hossein Hosseini
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2012, , Pages 97-116
Abstract
The well-known American philosopher and theologian, William Lane Craig has been known as the reviver of a particular cosmological argument which he calls "Kalam cosmological argument". The main part of this argument is that the universe has some temporal beginning (temporal origination). To prove ...
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The well-known American philosopher and theologian, William Lane Craig has been known as the reviver of a particular cosmological argument which he calls "Kalam cosmological argument". The main part of this argument is that the universe has some temporal beginning (temporal origination). To prove this important premise of his argument, Craig appeals to four reasons two of which are a priori (philosophical) and two others are a posteriori (scientific). In the present article, after depicting the beginning of the universe as Craig thinks, one of his a priori arguments for this claim is introduced and assessed. Finally, the article comes to the conclusion that, though Craig's picture of the beginning of the universe is consistent and coherent, it is not able to prove that such a picture may be realized in the external world.
Gholamhossein Moghadam Heidari
Volume 3, Issue 5 , Summer and Autumn 2013, , Pages 73-97
Abstract
Logicism is one of the important schools in philosophy of mathematics which reduce the concepts and propositions of mathematics into the concepts and propositions of logic. Bolzano was the pioneer mathematician who based mathematics on logic, and then Ferege continued this project through propounding ...
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Logicism is one of the important schools in philosophy of mathematics which reduce the concepts and propositions of mathematics into the concepts and propositions of logic. Bolzano was the pioneer mathematician who based mathematics on logic, and then Ferege continued this project through propounding a new version of logic. Ultimately, in the early decades of 20th century, this project was finalized by Russel and Withead. In this paper, I, attempt to review the historical development of logicism from Bolzano to Russel, and then through the examination of strengths and weaknesses of the project, I try to answer to this question: has logicism been satisfactory?
Saeed Masoumi; Mehdi Golshani; Mohammad Mehdi Sheikh Jaberi
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Winter and Spring 2014, , Pages 73-98
Abstract
Multiverse and resorting to anthropic principle or reasoning within the multiverse scenarios has recently appeared in some physical contexts. In this paper, we first distinguish three kinds of multiverse paradigms in Lagrangian formulation for physical systems. We argue that multiverse can be a classical ...
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Multiverse and resorting to anthropic principle or reasoning within the multiverse scenarios has recently appeared in some physical contexts. In this paper, we first distinguish three kinds of multiverse paradigms in Lagrangian formulation for physical systems. We argue that multiverse can be a classical effect, like the one appearing in string landscape, or a quantum effect, like the one in chaotic inflation models. We then critically review two arguments suggesting the necessity of abandoning the observability and/or testability criteria in the multiverse. We argue that such a viewpoint is not justified, as the characteristic feature of scientific knowledge is its experimental/observational confirmation. Therefore, multiverse scenarios can enter the realm of scientific theories only after becoming a testable theory. We also introduce a criterion for testability.
Morteza Sedaghat Ahangari Hossein Zadeh; Maryam Sadat Javadiun Esfahani
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Winter and Spring 2013, , Pages 75-96
Abstract
Usually The Structure of Scientific Revolution is known as a turning point in the philosophy of science. However, rather than Kuhn, there have been other philosophers who have tried to shed light on infirmity points of empirical philosophies, some of them have even tried to suggest alternative solutions. ...
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Usually The Structure of Scientific Revolution is known as a turning point in the philosophy of science. However, rather than Kuhn, there have been other philosophers who have tried to shed light on infirmity points of empirical philosophies, some of them have even tried to suggest alternative solutions. Michael Polanyi is one of these latter philosophers who, just before the publication of The Structure, has brought ideas so similar to those of Kuhn's, in his philosophical works especially in his Personal Knowledge. These similarities are so much that Kuhn has even been accused to plagiarism on Polanyi's opinions. In this paper, we are going to take this case into consideration by studying certain historical evidences which imply such an influence; comparing the original texts of their books; and finally, bringing what others have said in this regard. On the other hand, such a consideration can provide us an opportunity to know Polanyi better, especially his metaphysics which is radically different from Kuhn’s.
Ehsan Kordi Ardakani
Volume 4, Issue 8 , Winter and Spring 2015, , Pages 75-91
Abstract
In his Scientology, Avicenna introduces medicine as a sub-discipline of natural wisdom. Medicine of Avicenna is influenced by his own philosophy. Avicenna, as a philosopher-physician, has used of his philosophical views throughout his medical works. He also at several positions from the book of Law (Ghanoon), ...
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In his Scientology, Avicenna introduces medicine as a sub-discipline of natural wisdom. Medicine of Avicenna is influenced by his own philosophy. Avicenna, as a philosopher-physician, has used of his philosophical views throughout his medical works. He also at several positions from the book of Law (Ghanoon), refrains from entering into philosophical discussions, and indicates that these issues should be discussed elsewhere, i.e. in philosophy. This shows that Avicenna although cares to separate philosophical and medical problems, but indorse that medicine cannot be understood without the metaphysical foundations. This paper, through referring to the application of some philosophic principles in his medicine, argues that Avicenna’s medicine needs his philosophy.
Maryam Ghasemi Naraghi
Volume 5, Issue 10 , Winter and Spring 2016, , Pages 81-96
Abstract
رایجترین نظریهای که آغازگر بحث تبیین در قرن بیستم است، نظریهی قانون فراگیر تبیین، شامل دو الگوی قیاسی- قانونی و استقرایی- آماری است. کارل همپل بیان دقیقی از ایدهی ...
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رایجترین نظریهای که آغازگر بحث تبیین در قرن بیستم است، نظریهی قانون فراگیر تبیین، شامل دو الگوی قیاسی- قانونی و استقرایی- آماری است. کارل همپل بیان دقیقی از ایدهی تبیین علمی را که توسط هیوم و میل صورتبندی مبهمی داشت، به تصویر میکشد. نقدهای جدی که در نیمهی دوم قرن بیستم درخصوص این نظریه مطرح شد، راه را برای نظریههای دیگر گشود. الگوی وحدتبخشی تبیین که طرح اولیهی آن توسط مایکل فریدمن مطرح و توسط فیلیپ کیچر توسعه یافت، از مهمترین این الگوهاست. بنابر رویکرد کیچر علم، فهم ما نسبت به جهان را به کمک وحدت بخشیدن پدیدههای مختلف افزایش میدهد. وحدتبخشی در چارچوب معرفت علمی، با به حداقل رساندن شمار الگوهای استنتاج و به حداکثر ارتقا دادن شمار نتایج تولید شده، بهدست میآید. در این جستار با شرح و بازسازی الگوی وحدتبخشی تبیین، نشان خواهیم داد این الگو برخی از مشکلات سنتی مدل قانون فراگیر را حل میکند. کلید واژهها : تبیین علمی، مدل قانون فراگیر، الگوهای استدلال، وحدتبخشی، قدرت تبیینی
Seyed Esmaiel Masoudi; Seyed Saied Zahed Zahedani
Volume 8, Issue 15 , Summer and Autumn 2018, , Pages 81-108
Abstract
Objectivity, as the ideal of science, especially human science, is criticized by Gadamer because it constructs an alienated experiment in human and causes an ontological obstruction. This ideal stems from the superiority of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason on modern science and also negligence of language ...
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Objectivity, as the ideal of science, especially human science, is criticized by Gadamer because it constructs an alienated experiment in human and causes an ontological obstruction. This ideal stems from the superiority of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason on modern science and also negligence of language by Western philosophical tradition. Although Dilthey attempted to provide a special place for human science using linguistic and hermeneutics tradition, due to his Cartesian foundations, and his instrumentalist attitude toward historical language and consciousness, he suffered from subjectivism and considered human science truth-less as Kantian aesthetic judgment. Rereading artistic experience and historical experience in Kant and Dilthey, and using Heidegger’s and Hegel's philosophy and also attending to the ontology of language, Gadamer organized hermeneutic experience so that its ideal is not objectification process, but the emergence of the subject itself in the language, and this is Sachlichkeit that is the disclosure of the subjectivity of subject or the objectivity of object.
mahdi Ashoori; seyed mahmod taheri
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2017, , Pages 83-101
Abstract
Recent works in the philosophy of science have generated an apparent conflict among theories attempting to explicate the nature of scientific representation. On one side, there are what one might call ‘mapping’ accounts, which emphasize objective relations (such as similarity, isomorphism, ...
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Recent works in the philosophy of science have generated an apparent conflict among theories attempting to explicate the nature of scientific representation. On one side, there are what one might call ‘mapping’ accounts, which emphasize objective relations (such as similarity, isomorphism, and homomorphism) among representations (theories, models, simulations, diagrams, etc.) and their target systems. On the other side, there are what one might call ‘inferential’ views, which emphasize agent’s roles in connection with these targets, such as interpretation and inference. In this paper we will examine the role of the principles of statistical inference in statistical modeling such as agent’s activities. There are three paradigms in statistical inference. The question is whether the representation of statistical models is sensitive to agent’s paradigm-choosing or not?
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari; faeze eskandary
Abstract
Motion is one of the main features of natural philosophy, which together with the formation of Newtonian-Galilean physics, is the most important subject of kinematics and dynamics in the new physics. One of the scientists who played an important role in shaping Galileo's views was Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) ...
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Motion is one of the main features of natural philosophy, which together with the formation of Newtonian-Galilean physics, is the most important subject of kinematics and dynamics in the new physics. One of the scientists who played an important role in shaping Galileo's views was Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) (1098-1138). He was a natural philosopher of the 12th century AD. Ibn Bajjah' s mechanics is built upon two general Aristotelian axioms that emphasize natural motion and Algebraic (Qasri) motion. In this article, the bases of movement by Ibn Bajjah are studied based on the motive factors in the movement of the natural body, ie, "form" and "weight". This review is based on the important theory of "matter and form" and the essential principle of "nature does not work in vain " and was done for the first time
reza mosmer
Volume 8, Issue 16 , Winter and Spring 2019, , Pages 85-106
Abstract
Paul Horwich has criticized Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s (KW) rule-following argument. In this paper, I shall explore one of Horwich’s multiple objections to KW and argue that it is not effective. In section 2 I will discuss KW’s meaning skepticism. Of various candidates that KW explores ...
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Paul Horwich has criticized Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s (KW) rule-following argument. In this paper, I shall explore one of Horwich’s multiple objections to KW and argue that it is not effective. In section 2 I will discuss KW’s meaning skepticism. Of various candidates that KW explores for the facts that meaning-ascription sentences are meant to correspond, I will explain exclusively dispositional facts. In section 3 Horwich’s explanation of KW’s “rational guidance argument” against dispositionalism about meaning-ascription sentences. This will be followed by a discussion of Horwich’s objection to the argument in section 4. By introducing the idea of “self-correction disposition,” as it will be explained, Horwich tries to save the dispositionalism. In the final section of the paper I shall try to show that Horwich’s appeal to the disposition to self-correct faces the problem of “rational guidance argument” again
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 7, Issue 13 , Summer and Autumn 2017, , Pages 87-104
Abstract
Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, ...
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Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, thus observation is influenced by epistemological, semantic, psychological or sociological factors. However observation is not only of interest to analytic philosophers, but it also has been addressed by continental philosophers. One of these philosophers is Michel Foucault, who in his book the birth of the clinic, describes how human body turns into the object of observation in medicine. He points out that in addition to the factors influencing observation as expressed by analytic philosophers, it should be noted that observation basically is a political act. We use Foucault's views in this regard. Although Foucault referred to this issue in his various works, it can be said that observation is the central theme of the birth of the clinic. The purpose of this article is to reveal this political aspect of observation. We discuss what is exactly mean for observation to be a political act, and why the philosophers of science should consider the political aspect of observations in their studies
saeid zibakalam
Abstract
Evaluating the conformity of Newton’s methodological statements with his actual practice of science is the prime goal of this article. The importance of the question is that despite much researches about Newton’s scientific method in the last quarter of a century, there is still not even ...
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Evaluating the conformity of Newton’s methodological statements with his actual practice of science is the prime goal of this article. The importance of the question is that despite much researches about Newton’s scientific method in the last quarter of a century, there is still not even a rough picture of what that method looks like. I have surmised that part of the explanation for this inscrutability lies in the fact that Newton’s words and deeds may, for good reasons, be on the whole not quite coherent. Thus, I want to raise and answer this question: Is it possible that a large share of the inscrutability of Newton’s method rests on the fact that some of Newton’s proclaimed methodological rules do not quite cohere with his practiced rules. But more so, in some cases, these two kinds of proclaimed and practiced rules may simply be inconsistent. For this, I have mainly relied on scrutiny of Newton’s two classic works, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and Optics, and some of his relevant correspondence.
Fatemeh Farhanian; Mohammad Ali Abdollahi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Summer and Autumn 2012, , Pages 93-114
Abstract
The dilemma of induction is one of the most difficult philosophical problems that if solved many philosophical problems could be explained and many conclusions could scientifically be justifiable. Bertrand Russell, one of the greatest analyzer philosophers of the twentieth century, has tried to solve ...
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The dilemma of induction is one of the most difficult philosophical problems that if solved many philosophical problems could be explained and many conclusions could scientifically be justifiable. Bertrand Russell, one of the greatest analyzer philosophers of the twentieth century, has tried to solve the problem of induction.
From the Russell’s point of view the dilemma of induction is a question of how to justify the general provisions, causal laws, and indirect knowledge. He appealed that the principle of uniformity of nature is not enough to solve this problem, and then he suggested the reception of induction as a principle. Based on the principle of induction, the more the number of concurrences of A and B the greater is the possibility of perpetual coincidence between them and when the number of concurrences is enough constant conjunction of A with B is almost certain.
According to Russell, the principle of induction is neither rationally provable nor empirically verifiable, but the principle should be accepted because of its natural evidence and finally because of its consequences. According to Russell the metalogical principles cause the probability of generalization lean toward certainty. Finally he notes although induction can’t provide us with theoretical certainty (logical and mathematical) but its near certainty probability is more than that of a metaphysical dogma.
Morteza Sharifi
Abstract
Two concepts that are being considered in Philosophy of Chemistry are Reduction and Emergence. These concepts have a major rule in arguing that special sciences, have kind of independence from physics. After sketching a conceptual framework about the issue, we have had a critical review about Alex Manafu's ...
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Two concepts that are being considered in Philosophy of Chemistry are Reduction and Emergence. These concepts have a major rule in arguing that special sciences, have kind of independence from physics. After sketching a conceptual framework about the issue, we have had a critical review about Alex Manafu's argument about the rule of chemistry in debate about Reduction and Emergence in Philosophy of Science.He argue that chemistry has some special advantages in study of Reduction and Emergence in Philosophy of Science. we have showed that his argument cannot give us a firm ground for attaching these advantages to Chemistry. We then propose a distinction between Ontological complexity and Epistemological complexity and then show how Manafu's arguments are faulty due to ignoring this distinction
Masood Motaharinasab; Mohammad bidhendi; Alireza Aghahosseini
Volume 6, Issue 11 , Summer and Autumn 2016, , Pages 99-122
Abstract
Rereading scientific discourse and methodology of Islamic civilization in the past period, especially during the renaissance, in connection with Islamic civilization recognition, has a strategic importance. In general, because of exposure to Greek thought and books translated from other civilizations, ...
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Rereading scientific discourse and methodology of Islamic civilization in the past period, especially during the renaissance, in connection with Islamic civilization recognition, has a strategic importance. In general, because of exposure to Greek thought and books translated from other civilizations, the Islamic renaissance intellectually has a collective structure. Accordingly, in this study, comparing methodologies of Razi and Farabi, the two exemplars of Islamic renaissance, we have tried to recognize the coordinates of scientific discourse renaissance of Islamic civilization (third and fourth centuries). The findings indicate that Razi has a realist epistemology and a positivist methodology similar to the twenty century positivism’s methodology. Farabi, on the other hand, has an idealistic epistemology and a combined methodology with an emphasis on transcendental rationality and rationality alongside experience. Finally, based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that a pluralistic methodology has been dominant on scientific discourse of Islamic-Iranian civilization.
rashid ghanei; Seyed Hassan Hosseini
Volume 5, Issue 9 , Summer and Autumn 2015, , Pages 101-112
Abstract
Modern science, soul faculties, traditional knowledge, Islamic world, science, the power of imagination, the power of reason
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Modern science, soul faculties, traditional knowledge, Islamic world, science, the power of imagination, the power of reason
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Summer and Autumn 2011, , Pages 105-122
Abstract
Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles ...
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Descartes was one of the key figures in the scientific revolution. Here placed Aristotle’s explain with the mechanical explain of the world. Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy. The following essay describes the principles and methods of Descartes.
Mehdi Golshani; Mortaza Khatiri Yanehsari
Volume 7, Issue 14 , Winter and Spring 2018, , Pages 105-132
Abstract
The vision of most scientist and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century was empiricism. They gave more importance to observable experiences and phenomena, and the only valid criterion for them was observability of quantities. Although this view contributed to some advances in the twentieth ...
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The vision of most scientist and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century was empiricism. They gave more importance to observable experiences and phenomena, and the only valid criterion for them was observability of quantities. Although this view contributed to some advances in the twentieth century, but its drawbacks and misunderstandings caused some proponents of this school to criticize it and to become against it. In this paper, the views of some of the most prominent contemporary physicists, who themselves became one of the followers of this school, is reviewed. We have also mentioned some of the great physicists who pointed out the most important criticisms agaist this school. Furthermore, we have explained the reasons for changing the view of physicists in line with positivism, based on logical criteria and philosophical reasoning. In the end, we look at the views of some of the contemporary physicists who have opposed positivism or have gone through positivism to deny the existence of God.
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a philosophical analysis of the problem of the wave function collapse by conscious observer, based on the theories of philosophy of mind. According to the approaches to the mind-body relation, the conceptual problems of this issue are examined both in the context of ...
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The aim of this paper is to provide a philosophical analysis of the problem of the wave function collapse by conscious observer, based on the theories of philosophy of mind. According to the approaches to the mind-body relation, the conceptual problems of this issue are examined both in the context of Cartesian Dualism, as well as emergent and epiphenomenal mental properties. It is concluded that by taking the physical and hardware approach to mind, raised the same conceptual difficulties of apparatuses in Quantum Mechanics, as well as mental and nonphysical approaches have the problem of explaining the mechanism of the interaction between the mind or mental properties and the observed physical system belongs to the external world. Also, by putting forward a thought experiment as well as by further discussions on the similarities between the "wave function collapse" and processes of "making decision" by a conscious observer, their conceptual consequences for quantum mechanics are examined. Finally, it is shown that each aspect of the problem has its own conceptual difficulties, and this issue will remain open under the mind-matter problem.
Alireza Sobhani; Mehdi Golshani
Volume 4, Issue 7 , Summer and Autumn 2014, , Pages 109-137
Abstract
Cosmology started as a common ground for philosophy, religion, and science. In the Islamic culture, cosmology was either based on creation ex nihilo (the view of theologians) or on old universe (the view of philosophers), and the problem of multiverse was not mentioned so much. After the introduction ...
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Cosmology started as a common ground for philosophy, religion, and science. In the Islamic culture, cosmology was either based on creation ex nihilo (the view of theologians) or on old universe (the view of philosophers), and the problem of multiverse was not mentioned so much. After the introduction of the so-called ‘anthropic principle’ in the early 1970’s, the idea of multiverse entered the realm of cosmology. There were two views among earlier Muslim thinkers concerning the creation of the universe. Muslim theologians believed in the temporal creation of the universe, but Muslim philosophers predominantly believed that our universe is temporally old. As far the uniqueness or multiplicity of universe of the created universe is concerned, there were different views about this among Muslim scientists, philosophers and theologians. Here we mention several views concerning the multiplicity of the universe among some well-known Muslim scholars.
Mahdi Ghiasvand
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2012, , Pages 117-142
Abstract
Hempel's Dilemma is among several arguments posed against physicalism. Physicalists can respond to this dilemma in several ways. The present article aims to analyze Andrew Melnyk and Janice Dowell's responses based on their specific accounts about the conception of the term "physical". Melnyk's account ...
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Hempel's Dilemma is among several arguments posed against physicalism. Physicalists can respond to this dilemma in several ways. The present article aims to analyze Andrew Melnyk and Janice Dowell's responses based on their specific accounts about the conception of the term "physical". Melnyk's account is based upon a scientific realist's approach to natural sciences. We will focus on and discuss about that weather we can adopt such an approach to the present science and in particular the present physics or not. Dowell, however, defends an account according to witch ideal future physics should be replaced by an ideal science that has hallmarks of a scientific theory and differs in its subject matter. The author wants to show that these accounts, each one in respect to particular aspects, cannot play the given role in formulation of the physicalism thesis.
