Amin Motevallian
Abstract
Theoretical frameworks in Islamic era have an important role in Middle Ages historiographical approaches toward analytical notions such as ‘experience’, ‘Observation’ and ‘theory’. Some historiographers believe that scientific theory in Middle Ages root in Aristotle ...
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Theoretical frameworks in Islamic era have an important role in Middle Ages historiographical approaches toward analytical notions such as ‘experience’, ‘Observation’ and ‘theory’. Some historiographers believe that scientific theory in Middle Ages root in Aristotle philosophy of nature or Islamic texts. Other ones say the most of experiments mentioned in Middle Age’s science are the copy that narrated from Aristotle or Muslims that didn’t observed by writer directly. Grants Idea of Empiricism without Observation is an important and influential one that claims observation we confronted in middle ages texts means nothing than Scientific imagination. He generalized the idea to all discipline of knowledge arise in middle age and presented some cases in confirming his presentism claim. Among this, the alchemy is a notable field that challenges these approaches. In this letter, showed that a controversial case has multiple natures in Islamic alchemy names talismatic experimentalism, face differently with grants idea and challenge it.
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 7, Issue 13 , Summer and Autumn 2017, , Pages 87-104
Abstract
Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, ...
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Observation, as an action, is one of the most important and controversial topics of philosophy of science. Analytic philosophers of science have examined this subject from a variety of perspectives. They have shown that what is observed is influenced by the observer’s goals and his/her past experiences, thus observation is influenced by epistemological, semantic, psychological or sociological factors. However observation is not only of interest to analytic philosophers, but it also has been addressed by continental philosophers. One of these philosophers is Michel Foucault, who in his book the birth of the clinic, describes how human body turns into the object of observation in medicine. He points out that in addition to the factors influencing observation as expressed by analytic philosophers, it should be noted that observation basically is a political act. We use Foucault's views in this regard. Although Foucault referred to this issue in his various works, it can be said that observation is the central theme of the birth of the clinic. The purpose of this article is to reveal this political aspect of observation. We discuss what is exactly mean for observation to be a political act, and why the philosophers of science should consider the political aspect of observations in their studies
