نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری کلام اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی دانشگاه قم

2 دانشیار گروه فلسفه، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی دانشگاه قم

چکیده

با پیشرفت شگرف فیزیک و زیررشته‌های آن از قبیل کیهان‌شناسی و فیزیک کوانتوم، براهین غایت شناختی درباره‌ی وجود خدا به ویژه برهان تنظیم ظریف کیهانی در صدر مباحث الهیاتی قرار گرفت. به موازات حمایت‌های متعدد از این برهان، چالش‌های گوناگونی نیز در مورد آن از سوی منتقدین مطرح گشت. چالش اندازه یکی از برجسته‌ترینِ این چالش‌ها است که کاربست حساب احتمالات در این برهان را هدف می‌گیرد. بر اساس این چالش، حساب احتمالات توانایی تامین اصل موضوعی شمارا-جمع‌پذیری در مجموعه‌های نامتناهی را دارا نیست و از این رو حساب احتمالات به کار رفته در برهان مبتلی به مشکل هنجارناپذیری است. در مواجهه با این چالش معمولا دو راهبرد از سوی حامیان این برهان پی‌ریزی می‌شود. راهبرد اول، پذیرفتن چالش و تلاش برای دور زدن آن از طریق بهنجارسازی احتمالات است و راهبرد دوم طبیعی جلوه دادن کاربست احتمالات هنجارناپذیر در دانش‌های گوناگون از قبیل کیهان‌شناسی و میکانیک آماری است. ما در این مقاله علاوه بر بررسی چالش اندازه و نقد دو راهبرد پیش‌گفته، راهبرد سومی را که چندان توسط حامیان برهان تنظیم ظریف جدی گرفته نشده است مطرح و از آن دفاع خواهیم نمود. در این راهبرد بعد از نگاهی هستی‌شناختی به چالش اندازه نشان خواهیم داد که تامین اصل موضوعی شمارا-جمع‌پذیری لازم نیست و می‌توان به اصل شمارا‌متناهی بودن در حساب احتمالات برهان تنظیم ظریف اکتفا کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Fine-tuning Argument and the Measure Challenge

نویسندگان [English]

  • Qasem Muhammadi 1
  • Farah Ramin 2

2 Faculty of Theology , University of Qom

چکیده [English]

With the dramatic advancement in physics and its sub-fields such as cosmology and quantum physics, teleological arguments for the existence of God, especially the fine-tuning argument came to the spotlight in theological discussions. Along with the widespread support for this argument, various challenges also have been raised against this argument by critics. The measure challenge seems to be of the most promising of these challenges. It calls into question the use of probability calculus in the argument and asserts that the axiom of ‘countable additivity’ has been violated in such probabilities and they are, hence, non-normalizable and illogical. Facing this challenge, two strategies are normally put forward by the proponents of the fine-tuning argument. The first strategy is to accept the challenge and try to circumvent it by normalizing the probabilities. The second strategy depicts non-normalizable probabilities as a usual phenomenon in various sciences such as cosmology and statistical mechanics and as such, considers it a rather justifiable anomaly in probabilities utilized in fine-tuning argument. In this article, in addition to reviewing the measure challenge as well as the two aforementioned strategies, we will discuss and defend a third strategy that has not been widely addressed by the proponents of fine-tuning argument. In this strategy, by raising ontological questions about the measure theory, we argue that the axiom of countable additivity is not a binding axiom and may be forsaken or be replaced by an alternative axiom, namely finite additivity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fine-tuning argument
  • measure theory
  • probability theory
  • non-normalizability
  • countable additivity
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