Amin Rabinia
Volume 5, Issue 10 , Winter and Spring 2016, , Pages 21-37
Abstract
The problem of the rationality of science needs a framework to outline what rationality is and how it can be placed in scientific adventure. In this paper, I will try to show how we can provide such a (meta-level) framework using the notion of means-ends rationality. For doing so, we have to see science ...
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The problem of the rationality of science needs a framework to outline what rationality is and how it can be placed in scientific adventure. In this paper, I will try to show how we can provide such a (meta-level) framework using the notion of means-ends rationality. For doing so, we have to see science as a process in which there are given aims, and the rationality of achieving such aims could be justified in the light of the notion of means-ends rationality. This notion also is divided into two forms: instrumental rationality and holistic rationality. Here it will become clear that choosing a holistic notion of rationality is essential for having a sustainable account of scientific rationality. In the meantime, to propose a concrete example of the implementation of this framework, I do reconstruct Laudan’s models of scientific rationality using the conceptual frameworks of instrumental and holistic rationality. This will illustrate how his models grow through these two notions of rationality, and also how much the conceptual framework of means-ends rationality is capable to explain it.
Seyyed Mehdi Biabanaki
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Summer and Autumn 2012, , Pages 23-45
Abstract
There are four distinct analytical approaches to Hume's philosophy of causation: naturalist, epistemological, semantic, and ontologic. The naturalist approach, deals with the study and process review of the origin or source of things that have occupied our minds. This approach is concerned with questions ...
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There are four distinct analytical approaches to Hume's philosophy of causation: naturalist, epistemological, semantic, and ontologic. The naturalist approach, deals with the study and process review of the origin or source of things that have occupied our minds. This approach is concerned with questions such as: "What is the mental mechanism by which we infer effects from causes?" and “What is the origin of essential relationship concept”? The epistemological approach deals with topics that could be determined with certainty and that how could we justify causal claims and claims about the future. Semantic approach deals with the question that what is the purpose of statements such as “A causes B”? The ontological approach is concerned with essence of nature and of causality in world independent of our beliefs. The main concern of Hume, is primarily naturalist and then epistemological, while commentators disagree on the causal theory of Hume regarding semantics of cause and ontology of causation. Accordingly, Hume followed the structure and function of human mind to provide analysis based on human nature, and justify "causation". The elements he makes use of include: association, habit and belief where all of them are the features of human mind and are related to the human nature. This paper introduces and reviews the naturalist approach to the issue of causation.
Morteza Sedaghat Ahangari Hossein Zadeh
Volume 3, Issue 5 , Summer and Autumn 2013, , Pages 23-33
Abstract
Kroon believes that causal relation alone does not determine the referent of a name because causation involves a kind of under-determination to escape of which, Kroon embed a cognitive dimension, which he calls epistemic warrant, in reference-determination. Davidson brings similar words in his triangulation ...
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Kroon believes that causal relation alone does not determine the referent of a name because causation involves a kind of under-determination to escape of which, Kroon embed a cognitive dimension, which he calls epistemic warrant, in reference-determination. Davidson brings similar words in his triangulation thesis in order to determine the content of a perceptual belief. He argues that, in addition to causal relation, one takes benefit of linguistic communications with others in order to determine the content of his perceptual belief which is the cause of that belief. In this paper, having brought the theses of Kroon and Davidson respectively, I enumerate a number of similarities between Kroon’s epistemic warrant and Davidson’s linguistic communications.
Abolfazl Sabramiz; Roohollah Haghshenas; Mehdi Zakeri
Volume 7, Issue 13 , Summer and Autumn 2017, , Pages 23-44
Abstract
Imitation game is one of the most famous thought experiments in the history of artificial intelligence. In this experiment, Allen Turing introduced a criterion and argued that if a thing can satisfy this criterion, we can call it ‘intelligent’. One objection to this intelligence criterion ...
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Imitation game is one of the most famous thought experiments in the history of artificial intelligence. In this experiment, Allen Turing introduced a criterion and argued that if a thing can satisfy this criterion, we can call it ‘intelligent’. One objection to this intelligence criterion is known as ‘Lovelace’s objection’ or free will objection. This objection expresses that machines never act beyond their programmers’ anticipation, so they can never be intelligent. This paper investigates Lovelace’s objection and Turing’s responses. As we try to show, Turing responses seem right in this stage. But we think this objection can be rewritten the objection in relation to Chomsky’s ‘Descartes Problem’ about the creative aspect of language use. The relationship between this objection and Descartes problem has not been addressed in the literature of artificial intelligence. In the end of paper, we will show that there is no theoretical solution to this revised objection yet. So, without a good answer to this problem, we cannot have intelligent machines just through technological developments.
Javad Akbari Takhtameshlou; Said Zibakalam
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2012, , Pages 25-64
Abstract
In recent decades, rationality has become one of the important and controversial issues in the intellectual circles. There are many philosophers who have put (and still put) under question the status of reason and human rationality. Among those who believe in human reason is Popper. To show reason's ...
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In recent decades, rationality has become one of the important and controversial issues in the intellectual circles. There are many philosophers who have put (and still put) under question the status of reason and human rationality. Among those who believe in human reason is Popper. To show reason's ability, he rejects positivism and justifying approaches totally; and, designing falsificationist philosophy of science, he confirms critical rationality and attaches emphasis to it. In the present article, at first, Popper's rationality together with its important and constructive elements are inferred and reconstructed and, then, success and consistence of Popper's positions are studied and assessed. The main conclusion of the present article is that it is impossible to completely reject positivist and justifying approaches and provide an absolutely negativist and critical epistemology.
Khashayar Boroomand; Gholam Hossein Moghaddam Heidari
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Winter and Spring 2013, , Pages 25-36
Abstract
Thinking about the relation between mathematical thinking and modern science is necessary for understanding the modern world. Martin Heidegger analyzes this subject from a unique perspective. In this essay, the concept of "mathematical" and its relation to mathematics and modern science is explained. ...
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Thinking about the relation between mathematical thinking and modern science is necessary for understanding the modern world. Martin Heidegger analyzes this subject from a unique perspective. In this essay, the concept of "mathematical" and its relation to mathematics and modern science is explained. The dangers of ascendancy of mathematical thinking are discussed; and finally, the differences between Heidegger’s views on mathematics and the prevalent philosophy of mathematics are considered.
maryam ansari bonab; Ali Reza Mansouri
Abstract
Mathematical entities, in physics, are used to represent the ontology of theories. But there is a distinction between mathematical entities and physical entities which mathematics refers to, and ignoring this distinction leads to strange and false conclusions. This paper aims to realize, in a realistic ...
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Mathematical entities, in physics, are used to represent the ontology of theories. But there is a distinction between mathematical entities and physical entities which mathematics refers to, and ignoring this distinction leads to strange and false conclusions. This paper aims to realize, in a realistic interpretation, what the wavefunction, as a mathematical entity, refers to.. It is emphasized that the confusion of the wave function as a mathematical element with the physical state leads to a strange conclusion that the dimensions of the physical space are in direct correspondence with the mathematical dimensions, or the configuration space is a real physical space. Moreover,It is suggested, that determination of the ontological status of the wave function needs a theory to connect and explain the relation between local beables and quantum state.
elahe soroush; Alireza Monajemi
Volume 7, Issue 14 , Winter and Spring 2018, , Pages 27-58
Abstract
In today’s world, technology plays an important and crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Medical Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems are only subsets of the technologies which try to provide automated decision aids for physicians and clinicians. Their goal is to diagnose the illness ...
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In today’s world, technology plays an important and crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Medical Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems are only subsets of the technologies which try to provide automated decision aids for physicians and clinicians. Their goal is to diagnose the illness and make treatment recommendations. MYClN and INTERNIST-I are among the earliest developed expert systems. However, despite the fact that several of these medical systems have achieved high levels of performance, hardly any has progressed from the research laboratory into practical use. But because of overpromising and failing to deliver them, in artificial intelligence researches face toreduced funding and interest. One of the major reason of these failures is inadequate attention and studies about epistemological considerations. In this paper we are looking for some epistemological obstacles which prevent AI from being successful in medicine. To do so we first briefly introduce cognition errors in medicine which motivate using AI in this field, then review several implemented medical AI systems and finally we discuss epistemological reasons which leads to failure of AI in medicine. These reasons are incorrect hypotheses about nature of knowledge, separating knowledge from decision strategies, inadequate consideration to tacit knowledge and separating knowledge from its context.
Mostafa Taqavi
Volume 8, Issue 15 , Summer and Autumn 2018, , Pages 27-48
Abstract
In this paper, giving some examples of modern sciences, I will show that some theories have been influenced by naturalistic presuppositions and one can then explain the empirical data these theories seek to explain through a religious approach. Resorting to these examples, the advocates of religious ...
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In this paper, giving some examples of modern sciences, I will show that some theories have been influenced by naturalistic presuppositions and one can then explain the empirical data these theories seek to explain through a religious approach. Resorting to these examples, the advocates of religious science want to show that just as presuppositions of science may be affected by naturalism so they may be influenced by religion, and therefore religious science is possible. In the final part of this paper, answering following questions regarding religious science, it is attempted to clarify some complexities of the debate: Does the idea of religious science endorse relativism indirectly? Religious science is justified by appealing to experience, or religion, or both? If appealing to religion is involved in the justification of religious science, does religious actions not involve in scientific activity? Does the possibility of religious science mean the lack of a distinctive border between science and religion? Evolution is a characteristic feature of scientific theories, and religious science is not an exception. Does the evolution of religious science not undermine religion? Does the argument for the possibility of religious science imply the possibility of religious science, in addition to the logical possibility of religious science? What perspective the proponents of religious science should define for their ideal?
said zibakalam
Rahman sharifzadeh; Golamhossein MoghadamHeidari
Volume 5, Issue 9 , Summer and Autumn 2015, , Pages 29-51
Abstract
Bruno Latour, redefining human and their artifacts and defending their multi-threaded nature, considering their intermediaries (not only as devices), defends their status as citizens. Doing this he frees us from the duality of the autonomous technology and therefore from the domination atmosphere ...
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Bruno Latour, redefining human and their artifacts and defending their multi-threaded nature, considering their intermediaries (not only as devices), defends their status as citizens. Doing this he frees us from the duality of the autonomous technology and therefore from the domination atmosphere (domination of human over non-human and domination of non-human over man).
Seyed Mohammad Reza Amiri Tehrani; Mahdi Mahdian
Abstract
Abstract This article is about Milton Friedman's methodology in Economics. Friedman's main article "The Methodology of Positive Economics" published in 1953 is a mixture of philosophical ideas. By analyzing this article and critics of his methodology among economics philosophers ...
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Abstract This article is about Milton Friedman's methodology in Economics. Friedman's main article "The Methodology of Positive Economics" published in 1953 is a mixture of philosophical ideas. By analyzing this article and critics of his methodology among economics philosophers as well, we recognize six specification for his methodology. The first is Friedman' theory which is a complex intermixture of two elements; language and substantive hypothesis. The second is Friedman' experiment, which is in fact an indirect testing of a theoretical prediction by experimental evidences. So the validity of a theory depends on its power or prediction, not the truth of its assumptions. The third is Friedman's unrealisticness that allows substantial hypotheses to capture useful aspects of reality not the whole. The forth is the Marshallian approach of Friedman in Economics versus the Walrasian, which lets him to build the economic model problem specific. The fifth is Friedman's statistical approach. He believes that the only way that economists can come up with a consensus is to use statistics and probabilities. The sixth is Friedman's causality. He believes that the concepts of cause and effect are ambiguous, instead, we should use endogenous and exogenous concepts in economic models.
Seyyed Ali Hosseini
Abstract
Galileo, at least in a part of his works, claimed the dispense with experience recourse in natural studies; Likewise, Avicenna when discussed about God’s knowledge of individuals, exemplifies his knowledge to astornomer’s knowledge of predictable phenomenon of lunar eclipse, whose knowledge ...
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Galileo, at least in a part of his works, claimed the dispense with experience recourse in natural studies; Likewise, Avicenna when discussed about God’s knowledge of individuals, exemplifies his knowledge to astornomer’s knowledge of predictable phenomenon of lunar eclipse, whose knowledge wouldn’t be effected by experimental data and it’s not mere a passive one. We’ll try to see if there’s any connection between their same claims of attaining scientifical knowledge without recourse to experiment, and their probable common presuppositions or methods. Finally we concluded that they partly shared in methodological background, though we can’t prove their completely sameness in the method. In the case we mentioned, Avicenna studied the mathematical structure of celestial bodies and neglected their nature. by this step, he abandoned Aristotle's paradigm and move toward Galileo's scientific method, but we can't ascribe the same method to them, because Avicenna had a dualistic method in his physical studies, but Galileo had a unified method
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Summer and Autumn 2011, , Pages 37-59
Abstract
Although Popper admits that in arriving at some of his proposals, he has been guided by value judgments and predilections, according to his own statements, it does not mean that he has made the same mistake of which he has accused the positivists through discussing the role of value-judgments in popper’s ...
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Although Popper admits that in arriving at some of his proposals, he has been guided by value judgments and predilections, according to his own statements, it does not mean that he has made the same mistake of which he has accused the positivists through discussing the role of value-judgments in popper’s philosophy of science, It is argued here that value judgment’s influence on popper’s scientific methodology is further than his own admission. It seems to me, there are two important points in Popperian methodology, which are open to influx of values: the conventionalizing process of methodological rules; and the decision making process of basic statements. Upon the analyses of these two processes, following conclusions are drawn out that ‘scientists qua scientist make value-judgment’, and ‘Popper as a philosopher of science, makes value-judgment’.
Mohsen Donyavi; GholamHossein Moghaddam Heydari
Volume 6, Issue 11 , Summer and Autumn 2016, , Pages 37-52
Abstract
Since the publication of Scientific Image, van Fraassen has criticized scientific realism and, instead, introduced constructive empiricism as an appropriate alternative. Adhering to the tenet of empiricism that ‘experience is our only source of information about the world’, he considered ...
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Since the publication of Scientific Image, van Fraassen has criticized scientific realism and, instead, introduced constructive empiricism as an appropriate alternative. Adhering to the tenet of empiricism that ‘experience is our only source of information about the world’, he considered acquiring any knowledge of the unobservable level of the world as impossible. According to van Fraassen, the realistic belief in the (approximate) truth of scientific theories has no epistemic basis; and, in this case, he only allowed belief in the empirical adequacy of these theories. The present assay explains and examines the key elements of constructive empiricism and contrasts it with scientific realism. We will indicate that van Fraassen’s argumentation in rejecting realism and defending his position is not able to provide the necessary and sufficient justifications for the replacement of scientific realism with constructive empiricism
Mohammad Reaz Abdollahnejad
Volume 3, Issue 5 , Summer and Autumn 2013, , Pages 35-56
Abstract
The main activities of Philosophy of science, as a branch of philosophy, has been began since the last decade of 19th century, in the wake of some experimental scientists' attempts to establish new non-metaphysical foundations for inductive empirical sciences. The very notable point is that the nature ...
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The main activities of Philosophy of science, as a branch of philosophy, has been began since the last decade of 19th century, in the wake of some experimental scientists' attempts to establish new non-metaphysical foundations for inductive empirical sciences. The very notable point is that the nature of philosophy of science has not formed and developed in one, but in five stages. In this paper I will illustrate the five-stage formation and development of philosophy of science in 20th century in order to draw some the results from it. These five stages are: 1. Sprouting stage (1890-1918): the characteristic of this stage is the reconstruction of Newtonian physics by means of Mach’s instrumentalism, Poincare’s conventionalism and Duhem’s modified falsificationism. 2. Evolvement stage (1918-1935): in this stage, three pillars of logical positivism (reductionism, analytic-synthetic distinction, and verificationism) set the stage for logical reconstruction of science. 3. The classical stage (1935-1970): in which the logical reconstruction of science is accomplished by Popper’s and some logical positivist’s revisions of the pillars. 4. The Historicism stage (1960-1985): in this stage, some philosophers, especially Feyerabend and Kuhn based on the history of science, criticize and challenge the main principles of the previous stages. 5. The modelistic stage (1970-2000): in which through increasing the pragmatic and semantic tendencies in science, ‘theory’ is replaced by ‘model’.
Roozbeh Zare
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Winter and Spring 2013, , Pages 37-50
Abstract
Realism and Anti-Realism debate is one of the philosophical problems that remain prominent during the history of human's thought. The discussion of this issue reaches to new and varied forms under the light of contemporary branches of philosophy especially second order philosophies. In philosophy of ...
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Realism and Anti-Realism debate is one of the philosophical problems that remain prominent during the history of human's thought. The discussion of this issue reaches to new and varied forms under the light of contemporary branches of philosophy especially second order philosophies. In philosophy of science, this debate is discussed in a narrow especial sense that entails some various discussions. In this article, Kosso's innovative thesis of "Realistic Realism" is described and criticized.
Habibolah Razmi; Ahmad Bigdeli; Asghar Dirbaz
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Winter and Spring 2014, , Pages 37-46
Abstract
From centuries ago, Muslim scholars and philosophers, by inspiration from luminous verses of holy Quran and with strong rational reasons, have proved that science and awareness flow in all levels of existence, particularly in material things. The experimental scientists also have pointed to the ...
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From centuries ago, Muslim scholars and philosophers, by inspiration from luminous verses of holy Quran and with strong rational reasons, have proved that science and awareness flow in all levels of existence, particularly in material things. The experimental scientists also have pointed to the possibility of presence of a kind of consciousness and awareness in matters and apparently non-living things. Science extension in the whole existing world, even in material particles, brings physics to the discussion too. In quantum theory, there are some phenomena (e.g. delayed choice experiment) which show that particles are aware of their surroundings and thus choose the suitable behavior correspond to their environment; also, in some alternative models of the standard quantum theory (Bohm-de Broglie model), there are some concepts such as ‘pilot wave’ or ‘information field’, which may be considered as the reasons of the particles’ sensitivity (consciousness).
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi
Volume 4, Issue 8 , Winter and Spring 2015, , Pages 37-57
Abstract
This paper, aims to formulate a philosophy of nanotechnology, addresses definitions, historical contexts, applications, and implications of nanotechnology, and its relation to philosophy as well. I explain some philosophical aspects of nanotechnology (as a branch of technology), which are discussed through ...
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This paper, aims to formulate a philosophy of nanotechnology, addresses definitions, historical contexts, applications, and implications of nanotechnology, and its relation to philosophy as well. I explain some philosophical aspects of nanotechnology (as a branch of technology), which are discussed through metaphysical (ontological), epistemological (and methodological), and axiological (theory of value) attitudes. It is concluded that the philosophy of nanotechnology consists of some philosophical inputs (or foundations) and some outputs (or implications), which covers the general philosophy of technology, and since the close relations between nanotechnology and modern science it also consists of some aspects of general philosophy of science, and philosophy of special science, philosophy of physics, in particular.
Ata Heshmati; Meysam Sefidkhosh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Winter and Spring 2017, , Pages 37-59
Abstract
In this essay, at first, we will discuss Heidegger's notions on the main crisis of Western academy raised after the First World War. Heidegger thinks that this crisis is the effect of "theoretical approach" dominated by natural sciences which transmitted to other disciplines. Secondly, the Heidegger's ...
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In this essay, at first, we will discuss Heidegger's notions on the main crisis of Western academy raised after the First World War. Heidegger thinks that this crisis is the effect of "theoretical approach" dominated by natural sciences which transmitted to other disciplines. Secondly, the Heidegger's analysis on the basis of the theoretical approach is examined and we argue how a theory is primarily derived from 'live situations' in the way of de-vivification and formalization processes. These subjects can be studied by emphasis on the Freiburg 1919 lecture-courses. Young Heidegger believes that science is a life practice that based on an existential encounter with the world. In this context, every scientific practice must be viewed and interpreted in its life-context. The theoretical encounter originated in a pre-theoretical encounter. Drawing on a schematic figure, it will be examined clearer, by which to a certain degree we can show the process of construction of the theoretical something from a situational something.
Volume 5, Issue 10 , Winter and Spring 2016, , Pages 39-63
Abstract
It seems that emergence of evolutionary game theory and the spread of its popularity and utilization, indicates a change in tools of game theory which used by game theorists and economists; insomuch as some considers this theory as a progress in the classical game theory. This article, first, ...
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It seems that emergence of evolutionary game theory and the spread of its popularity and utilization, indicates a change in tools of game theory which used by game theorists and economists; insomuch as some considers this theory as a progress in the classical game theory. This article, first, seeks to outline the essential differences between classical game theory and evolutionary game theory. Secondly, we raise the question that ‘whether the evolutionary game theory can be seen as a kind of progress on the classical game theory?’ This inquiry is based on a theoretical approach and focuses on some studies in the philosophy of economics, methodology of economics, history of game theory and philosophy of science. The conclusion of this paper can be elaborated in two related ideas. First, the emergence of evolutionary game theory and its continued use in economics cannot be analyzed in the framework of well-ordered approaches in the philosophy of science. Second, it seems that Feyerabend and McCloskey’s explanations on this subject gain better ‘validity’.
Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali
Volume 8, Issue 16 , Winter and Spring 2019, , Pages 43-63
Abstract
The prevalence of reductionist dualisms, driven from some conceptual opposites such as realism vs. constructivism or rationalism vs. relativism, has been one of the most significant impacts of post-positivist challenge in epistemology. How one can explain ‘rationality’, as objective examination ...
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The prevalence of reductionist dualisms, driven from some conceptual opposites such as realism vs. constructivism or rationalism vs. relativism, has been one of the most significant impacts of post-positivist challenge in epistemology. How one can explain ‘rationality’, as objective examination of reasonability of a sentence or standpoint, despite the challenges driven from anti-foundationalism? To respond the question, the present paper hypothesizes that such possibility can be found in a particular narrative of Pragmatism which is founded on a commonsensical perception of reality and practical definition of the reasonable. A feature in rationalistic process of examining the scientific sentences or normative standpoints on which the principle of the truth / rational validity might be founded is the axis to the above-mentioned explanation. The feature is “deliberation” and openness to verification. Accordingly, the present paper seeks to highlight a central common feature by which a wide range of theorists in fields of philosophy of science and social science epistemology could be interrelated. Inasmuch as the narrative deals with issues like the nature of reality and the conditions required for acquiring rational understanding of the reasonability, the paper would be organized based on a meta-theoretical framework driven from Aristotle`s notion of Pharonisis.
Mariam Shafiee; Hadi Samadi
Abstract
John Dewey in the art as experience presents an exquisite theory of aesthetic and art, which its roots can be found in his evolutionary and Hegelian views. The book introduces a new look to art, besides, marginally, compares science and art to guide the reader in reaching the author's views in the philosophy ...
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John Dewey in the art as experience presents an exquisite theory of aesthetic and art, which its roots can be found in his evolutionary and Hegelian views. The book introduces a new look to art, besides, marginally, compares science and art to guide the reader in reaching the author's views in the philosophy of art. The present paper seeks to rewrite Dewey's view of scientific realism. In this rewriting, the claim is that by making comparisons between art and science as Dewey did during the writing of the book of art as experience, we can reach to a better understanding of the current debate between scientific realists and social constructivists in the philosophy of science. In fact, Dewey illustrates the continuous interaction of human and the environment, which is neither consistent with the usual readings of realism in the philosophy of science nor with the general interpretation of social constructivism.
hale Asgarinia; Saeedeh Babaii; Moslem Solhi Rad; Mohammad Namazi; Seyed Hassan Hosseini
Volume 7, Issue 13 , Summer and Autumn 2017, , Pages 45-71
Abstract
Can one distinguish between natural objects and artifacts? Or should one look at the universe without considering natural-artifact dichotomy? The answers of these questions, determine the position of philosophy of technology in confronting with the technical artifacts, and bring about challenging issues. ...
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Can one distinguish between natural objects and artifacts? Or should one look at the universe without considering natural-artifact dichotomy? The answers of these questions, determine the position of philosophy of technology in confronting with the technical artifacts, and bring about challenging issues. In this paper, we try to answer these questions from different perspectives. First, we will express the contemporary philosophers’ views about the distinction between artifacts and natural object, which the boundary between these two worlds seems to be unclear to some extent in their views and one can’t, without controversy, categorize things into these two categories.
Seyyed Hedayat Sajadi; Mehdi Golshani; Amir Ehsan Karbasizadeh
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Summer and Autumn 2012, , Pages 47-68
Abstract
This paper aims toward the formulation of unificationist approach in the development process of standard quantum mechanics (SQM) during the years 1913-1927, focusing on Bohr and Heisenberg as the two prominent founder scientists of ‘Copenhagen’ quantum mechanics. In this investigation, we ...
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This paper aims toward the formulation of unificationist approach in the development process of standard quantum mechanics (SQM) during the years 1913-1927, focusing on Bohr and Heisenberg as the two prominent founder scientists of ‘Copenhagen’ quantum mechanics. In this investigation, we formulate various types of unificationist approaches involving reductionist, analogist, and holistic forms of unificationism, within Bohr’s and Heisenberg’s main works. Thus, one part of this paper is devoted to description and articulation of several kinds of unificationism from philosophical point of view. Another part is devoted to the conceptual and philosophical analysis of main works of Bohr (including atomic model, correspondence principle, and complementarily) and Heisenberg (Matrix mechanics and indeterminacy relations). This analysis includes origins, methods, contents, and consequences of their works on physics, in the specific period of SQM development.
